Wandmalerei

Autoren: Alison Sawdy

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Abstract

The term ‘wall painting’ covers a great diversity of objects, and is not limited to those on vertical surfaces, but includes paintings executed on walls, ceilings, and other architectural forms. The key feature of a wall painting is that the structure in which it is housed forms an integral component of the painting itself. This support structure can take many different forms, from built structures to excavated rock cut or subterranean structures, and entirely natural formations—as in the case of cave paintings.

Einleitung

Wall paintings, from prehistory to the present day, comprise a major part of our cultural heritage. One of the most common deterioration problems affecting wall paintings is salt damage, caused by interactions between soluble salts, the environment and the material properties of the object. The susceptibility of wall paintings to salt weathering is due to the fact that, to a greater or lesser extent, they are porous. This characteristic allows moisture exchange with their surroundings, and consequently they are prone to contamination by soluble salts. Moreover, wall paintings are particularly vulnerable to salt damage because the paintlayers are located at the interface between the external environment and the microclimate within the wall. Consequently, the painting and its immediate support form the primary site for evaporation and salt accumulation. Owing to the ubiquitous presence of salts worldwide, this type of damage is one of the most widespread and commonly encountered in wall paintings conservation. Unfortunately, it is also one of the most pernicious and intractable. In addition to porosity, these objects are united by the fact that they are irremovable and require conservation in situ. This has important implications for the amelioration of salt deterioration problems. A methodological approach is required which fully takes into account not only their complex structure and material composition, but also the environmental conditions to which they are exposed. In the case of artworks located within historic buildings this demands that a balance is sought between the needs of the object, and the building users.

Schadensbilder an Wandmalereien

In general, the type of damage caused by solule salts to wall paintings is related to the location of their crystallisation. The nature of the damage varies widely—but can be broadly divided into two main categories: efflorescence (salt crystallisation at the surface) and subfluorescence (salt crystallisation beneath the surface of the object). Although visually alarming, efflorescences are generally regarded as less harmful than subflorescences, which cause the disruption and loss of the object's surface. In the case of a wall painting, the surface of the wall is the object, and the consequences of subflorescence are extreme. In addition, soluble salts also contribute indirectly to decay processes by increasing the object's moisture content, promoting the alteration of water-sensitive materials.

Literatur

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Arnold, A., and Küng, A., 1985. Crystallisation habits of salt efflorescences on walls I: Methods of investigation and habits, in G Félix (ed), Vth International Congress on Deterioration and Conservation of Stone, 255 - 267. Lausanne: Presses Polytechniques Romandes.

Arnold, A., and Küng, A., 1985. Crystallisation and habits of salt efflorescences on walls II: Conditions of salt crystallisation, in G Félix (ed), Vth International Congress on Deterioration and Conservation of Stone, 269-277. Lausanne: Presses Polytechniques Romandes.

Arnold, A., and Zehnder, K., 1991. Monitoring wall paintings affected by soluble salts, in The Conservation of Wall Paintings S. Cather (ed), 103-136. Los Angeles: The Getty Conservation Institute.

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Park, D, 1986. Cistercian wall painting and panel painting, in C Norton and D Park (eds), Cistercian Art and Architecture in the British Isles, 181-210. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press

Piqué, F, Dei, L, Ferroni, E, 1992. Physicochemical aspects of the deliquescence of calcium nitrate and its implications for wall painting conservation, Studies in Conservation, 37, 217- 222.

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Sawdy, A., and Heritage, A., ‘Evaluating the influence of mixture composition on the kinetics of salt damage in wall paintings using time lapse video imaging with direct data annotation’, Journal of Environmental Geology 52(2) (2007) 303-315

Sawdy, A., and Heritage, A., ‘Desalination—rubbing salt into the wound?’, in D. Oltrogge (ed), In and Out, Projekt aus Forschung und Lehre Institut für Restaurierungs- und Konservierungswissenschaft Köln, Festschrift zum 20jährigen bestehendes Institutes Köln 2006. SICS Institut für Restaurierungs- und Konservierungswissenschaft Fachhochschule Köln, Cologne (2006) 41-45.

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Sawdy, A., and Price, C., ‘Salt damage at Cleeve Abbey, England. Part II: seasonal variability of salt distribution and implications for sampling strategies’, Journal of Cultural Heritage 6 (2005) 361-367.

Sawdy, A., and Price, C., ‘Salt damage at Cleeve Abbey, England. Part I: a comparison of theoretical predictions and practical observations’, Journal of Cultural Heritage 6 (2005) 125-135.

Sawdy, A., ‘The role of environmental control for reducing the rate of salt damage in wall paintings’, in R. Gowing, and A. Heritage (eds), Conserving the Painted Past: Developing Approaches to Wall Painting Conservation. Post-prints of a conference organised by English Heritage, London, 2-4 December 1999. James & James and English Heritage, London (2003) 95-109.

Sawdy, A, 1994. The Deterioration of the Romanesque Wall Paintings at Hardham Church: A Study of the Influence of Salts and Organic Coatings', unpublished postgraduate diploma dissertation, Conservation of Wall Painting Department, Courtauld Institute of Art, University of London. pp.69

Sawdy, A, 1995. The Kinetics of Crystallisation and Deliquescence of Some Soluble Salts found in Wall Paintings', unpublished MSc thesis, Conservation of Wall Painting Department, Courtauld Institute of Art, University of London. pp.99

Sawdy, A., Heritage, A., and Cather, S., 1997. St Botolph’s Church, Hardham West Sussex, Conservation of the Wall Paintings Phase I: Investigations, Recording, Treatment Testing and Assessment. Unpublished report submitted to English Heritage by the Conservation of Wall Paintings Department, Courtauld Institute of Art, University of London. pp.91

Weber, J., 1993. Salt induced deterioration of the Romanesque wall paintings in the church of St. Georgen, Styria, Austria: A case study aiming at a better understanding of the behaviour of salt systems in ancient walls, in G. Biscontin, L. Graziano (eds), Conservation of Architectural Surfaces: Stone and Wall Coverings, 97-103. Venice: Il Cardo.

Weber, J., Leitner, H., Gaggl, W., Szambalan, R., 1996. Crystallisation of sulphate salts induced by selective salt extraction by poultices: results from a case study, in F Zezza (ed), Origin, Mechanisms and Effects of Salts on Degradation of Monuments in Marine and Continental Environments, 169-179.

Zehnder, K., 1993. New aspects of decay caused by crystallisation of gypsum, Conservation of Stone and Other Materials. Proceedings of the International RILEM/UNESCO Congress, Paris, 107-114. London: E. & F.N. Spon Ltd.

---

[Arnold:1981]

Arnold, Andreas (1981): Salzmineralien in Mauerwerken. In: Schweizer Mineralogische und Petrographische Mitteilungen, 61 (1), 147-166

[Arnold.etal:1985]

Arnold, Andreas; Küng, Andreas (1985): Crystallisation and Habits of Salt Effloreszences on Walls.Part 1: Methods of investigation and Habits. In: Felix, G.; Furlan, V. (Hrsg.): 5th International Congress on the Deterioration and Conservation of Stone, Lousanne, 25-27. September 1985, Presses Polytechniques Romande, 255-267.

[Arnold .etal:1985a]

Arnold, A.,; Küng, A. (1985): Crystallisation and habits of salt efflorescences on walls. Part II: Conditions of salt crystallisation,. In: Felix, G.; Furlan, V. (Hrsg.): 5th International Congress on the Deterioration and Conservation of Stone, Lousanne, 25-27. September 1985,Presses Polytechniques Romande, 269-277.

[Arnold.etal:1991]

Arnold, Andreas; Zehnder, Konrad (1991): Monitoring Wall Paintings Affected by soluble Salts. In: Cather, Sharon (Hrsg.): The Conservation of Wall Paintings: Proceedings of a symposium organized by the Coutrauld Institut of Art and the Getty Conservation Institute, London, July 13-16, The Getty Conservation Institute, 103-136, Webadresse.

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Bläuer Böhm, C. (1990): Salze und Salzkrusten. In:: Wandmalerei-Schäden. Arbeitshefte zur Denkmalpflege in Niedersachsen, , 110-114.

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[BlaeuerBoehm:1994]	Bläuer Böhm, C. (1994): Salzuntersuchungen au Baudenkmälern. In: Zeitschrift für Kunsttechologie und Konservierung, 8 (1), 86-103

[Charola:2000]

Charola, A. E. (2000): Salts in the deterioration of porous materials: An overview. In: Journal of the American Institute of Conservation, 39 (3), 327-343, https://doi.org/10.1179/019713600806113176

English Heritage 1996. Wall Painting Record: Condition Audit, unpublished database of wall paintings in English Heritage properties undertaken by the Wall Paintings Section of English Heritage.

[Heritage:1995]

Heritage, A. (1995): Imaging Dynamic Processes in Conservation; Time-lapse Video Microscopy and On-line Data Annotation, Mastersthesis, Conservation of Wall Painting Department, Courtauld Institute of Art, University of London., London

[Heritage :1999]

Heritage, A. (1999): Imaging dynamic processes in conservation: on-line data acquisition and direct image annotation. In:: Art 99: 6th International Conference on Non-destructive Testing and Microanalysis for the Diagnostics and Conservation of the Cultural and Environmental Heritage . Rome, 17-20.

[Jeannette:1997]

Jeannette, D. (1997): Structures de porosité, mécanismes de transfert des solutions et principales altérations des roches des monuments.. In: Lefèvre, R.A. (Hrsg.): La pietra dei monumenti in ambiente fisico e culturale. Atti del 2° Corso Intensivo Europeo tenuto a Ravello e a Firenze dal 10 al 24 aprile 1994, 49-77.

[Larsen.etal:1999]

Larsen, Poul K.; Bøllingtoft, Peter (1999): Desalination of a painted brick vault in Kirkerup Church. In:: Preprints, 12th Triennial Meeting, ICOM Committee for Conservation, 29 August - 3 September,ICOM 473-477, Webadresse.

[Larsen:2000a]

Larsen, Poul Klenz (2000): Salt damage to the medieval plaster on a vault in Fanefjord Church. In: Bartos, P.; Groot, C.; Hughes, J. J. (Hrsg.): Proceedings of the International RILEM Workshop: Historic Mortars : Characteristics and Tests,RILEM Publications, Cachan 43-50.

[Laue:1997]

Laue, Steffen (1997): Einfluß des Porenraums und des Raumklimas auf die Verwitterung von Steinen durch lösliche Salze. Dissertation, Universität Mainz

[Laue.etal:1996]

Laue, Steffen ; Bläuer-Boehm, Christine; Jeannette, Daniel (1996): Salt weathering and porosity: examples from the Crypt of St. Maria im Kapitol, Cologne. In: Riederer, Josef (Hrsg.): Proceedings of the 8th International Congress on Deterioration and Conservation of Stone,Möller Druck 513-522.

[Keine Einträge gefunden]

[Matteini:1991]

Matteini, Mauro (1991): In Review: An Assessmant of Florentine Methods of Wall Painting Conservation Based on the Use of Mineral Treatments. In: Cather, Sharon (Hrsg.): The Conservation of Wall Paintings: Proceedings of a symposium organized by the Coutrauld Institut of Art and the Getty Conservation Institute, London, July 13-16, 1987, The Getty Conservation Institute, 137-148.

[Padfield:1998]

Padfield, T. (1998): The Role of Absorbent Building Materials in Moderating Changes of Relative Humidity. PhD thesis, Technical University of Denmark

[Padfield.etal:1994]

Padfield, T.; Bollingtoft, P.; Eshoj, B.; Christensen, M. (1994): The wall paintings of Gundsømagle Church, Denmark. In: Roy, A.; Smith, P. (Hrsg.): Preventive conservation: practice, theory and research. Preprints of the contribution to the IIC Ottawa Congress, 12-16 September 1994, London, 94-98.

[Park:1986]

Park, D. (1986): Cistercian wall painting and panel painting. In: Norton, C. ; Park, D. (Hrsg.): Cistercian Art and Architecture in the British Isles, Cambridge University Press, 181-210.

[Pique.etal:1992]

Piqué, F.; Dei, L.; Ferroni, E. (1992): Physicochemical aspects of the deliquescence of calcium nitrate and its implications for wall painting conservation. In: Studies in Conservation, 37 (4), 217-227

[Kontozova-Deutsch.etal:2011]	Kontozova-Deutsch, Velichka ; Cardell, Carolina ; Urosevic, Maja ; Ruiz-Agudo,Encarnación  ; Deutsch, Felix ; Van Grieken, René (2011): Characterization of indoor and outdoor atmospheric pollutants impacting architectural monuments: the case of San Jerónimo Monastery (Granada, Spain). In: Environmental Earth Sciences, 63 (7), 1433--1445, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-010-0657-5
[Luque.etal:2011]	Luque, A.; Ruiz-Agudo, E.; Cultrone, G.; Sebastián, E.; Siegesmund, S. (2011): Direct observation of microcrack development in marble caused by thermal weathering. In: Environmental Earth Sciences, 62 (7), 1375-1386, Webadresse
[Ruiz-Agudo.etal:2011]	Ruiz-Agudo, E.; Lubelli, B.; Sawdy, A; van Hees, R.; Price, C.; Rodriguez-Navarro, C. (2011): An integrated methodology for salt damage assessment and remediation: the case of San Jernimo Monastery (Granada, Spain). In: Environmental Earth Sciences, 63 (7), 1475-1486, Webadresse
[Ruiz-Agudo.etal:2011a]	Ruiz-Agudo, E. ; Urosevic, M. ; Putnis, C. V.; Rodríguez-Navarro, C. ; Cardell, C. ; Putnis, A. (2011): Ion-specific effects on the kinetics of mineral dissolution. In: Chemical Geology, 281 (3), 364-371, Webadresse
[Ruiz-Agudo.etal:2011b]	Ruiz-Agudo, E.; Putnis, C. V.; Rodriguez-Navarro, C.; Putnis, A. (2011): Effect of pH on calcite growth at constant a Ca 2 + / a CO 3 2 - ratio and supersaturation. In: Geochimica Et Cosmochimica Acta, 75 (1), 284-296, Webadresse
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[Sawdy.etal:2010]

Sawdy, A.; Lubelli, B.; Voronina, V.; Pel, L. (2010): Optimizing the extraction of soluble salts from porous materials by poultices. In: Studies in Conservation, 55 (1), 26-40, Webadresse

[Sawdy.etal:2008]

Sawdy, A.; Heritage, A.; Pel, L. (2008): A review of salt transport in porous media, assessment methods and salt reduction treatments. In: Ottosen, L. M.; Rörig-Dalgaard, I.; Larsen, P.; Brajer, I.; Bøllingtoft, P.; Marciniak, M.; Svane, M. (Hrsg.): Salt Weathering on Buildings and Stone Sculptures, Proceedings from the International Conference 22–24 October 2008, National Museum Copenhagen, Denmark,Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby 1-28, Webadresse.

[Sawdy.etal:2007]

Sawdy, A.; Heritage, A. (2007): Evaluating the influence of mixture composition on the kinetics of salt damage in wall paintings using time lapse video imaging with direct data annotation. In: Environmental Geology, 52 (2), 303-315, Webadresse

[Sawdy.etal:2006]

Sawdy, A.; Heritage, A. (2006): Desalination-rubbing salt into the wound?. In:: In and Out, Projekt aus Forschung und Lehre Institut für Restaurierungs- und Konservierungswissenschaft Köln, Festschrift zum 20jährigen bestehendes Institutes Köln 2006, Archives of Disease in Childhood, 41-45, Webadresse.

[Sawdy.etal:2006a]

Sawdy, A.; Price, C. (2006): The kinetics of salt weathering of porous materials. In: Simon, S.; M. Drdácký , M. (Hrsg.): SALTeXPERT: European Research on Cultural Heritage, state of the art studies, volume 5, Proceedings of the ARCCHIP workshops supported from the EC 5th FP project no. ICA1-CT-2000-70013, 225-237.

[Sawdy.etal:2005b]

Sawdy, A.; Price, C. (2005): Salt damage at Cleeve Abbey, England. Part II: seasonal variability of salt distribution and implications for sampling strategies. In: Journal of Cultural Heritage, 6 (4), 361-367, Webadresse

[Sawdy.etal:2005a]

Sawdy, A.; Price, C. (2005): Salt damage at Cleeve Abbey, England. Part I: A comparison of theoretical predictions and practical observations. In: Journal of Cultural Heritage, 6 (2), 125-135, Webadresse

[Sawdy:2003]

Sawdy, A. (2003): The role of environmental control for reducing the rate of salt damage in wall paintings. In: Gowing, R. ; A. Heritage, A. (Hrsg.): Conserving the Painted Past: Developing Approaches to Wall Painting Conservation. Post-prints of a conference organised by English Heritage, London, 2-4 December 1999,James & James and English Heritage, London 95-109.

[Sawdy:1994]

Sawdy, A. (1994): The Deterioration of the Romanesque Wall Paintings at Hardham Church: A Study of the Influence of Salts and Organic Coatings, postgraduate diploma dissertation, Conservation of Wall Painting Department, Courtauld Institute of Art, University of London, London

[Sawdy:1995]

Sawdy, A. (1995): The Kinetics of Crystallisation and Deliquescence of Some Soluble Salts Found in Wall Paintings, MSc Thesis, Conservation of Wall Painting Department, Courtauld Institute of Art, University of London

[Sawdy.etal:1997]

Sawdy, A.; Heritage, A.,; Cather, S. (1997): St Botolph’s Church, Hardham West Sussex, Conservation of the Wall Paintings Phase I: Investigations, Recording, Treatment Testing and Assessment. Unpublished report, Courtauld Institute of Art, University of London.

[Weber:1993c]

Weber, J. (1993): Salt Induced Deterioration of the Romanesque Wall Paintings in the Church of St. Georgen, Styria, Austria: A case study aiming at a better understanding of the behaviour of salt systems in ancient walls. In: Biscontin, G. ; Graziano, L. (Hrsg.): Conservation of Architectural Surfaces: Stones and Wall Covering- il Cardo, Venic, , 97-103.

[Weber.etal:1996]

Weber, J.; Leitner, H.; Gaggl, W.; Szambelan, R. (1996): Crystallization of sulphate salts induced by selective salt extraction by poultices: results from a case study. In: Zezza, F. (Hrsg.): Origin, Mechanisms and Effects of Salts on Degradation of Monuments in Marine and Continental Environments, Tecnomack, 167-179, Webadresse.

[Zehnder:1993]

Zehnder, K. (1993): New aspects of decay caused by crystallization of gypsum. In: Thiel, M.-J. (Hrsg.): Proceedings of the International RILEM/UNESCO Congress on Conservation of Stone and Other Materials,London: E & F N Spon. 107-114.

Als Phase wird ein stofflicher Zustand bezeichnet, der in sich, makroskopisch betrachtet, homogen ist.