Hilfe:Latex: Unterschied zwischen den Versionen

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MediaWiki uses a subset of AMS-LaTeX markup, a superset of LaTeX markup which is in turn a superset of TeX markup, for mathematical formulae. It generates either Portable Network Graphics/PNG images or simple HTML markup, depending on user preferences and the complexity of the expression. In the future, as more browsers become smarter, it will be able to generate enhanced HTML or even MathML in many cases.
[[w:MediaWiki|MediaWiki]] uses a subset of '''[[w:TeX|TeX]] markup''', including some extensions from [[w:LaTeX|LaTeX]] and [[w:AMS-Latex|AMS-LaTeX]], for mathematical formulae. It generates either [[w:PNG|PNG]] images or simple [[w:HTML|HTML]] markup, depending on [[Help:Preferences#Math|user preferences]] and the complexity of the expression.  
Although, in all cases mentioned, TeX is generated by compilation, and not by an Interpreter program, there is one essential difference between, e.g., [[Donald Knuth|Knuth]]'s [[TeX]] or [[Leslie Lamport|Lamport]]'s [[LaTeX]] and the present implementation: whereas in the first two cases the compiler typically generates an ''all-in-one''  printable output, which has the quality of a whole book with all chapters, sections and subsections, and where no line is "special", in the present case one has, typically, a mixture of TeX images (more precisely: PNG images) for the equations, embedded into usual text, and with short TeX elements usually replaced by html parts. As a consequence, in many cases TeX-elements, e.g. vector symbols, "stick out" below (or above) the text line. This "sticking out" is ''not''  the case in the above-mentioned original products, and the HTML-substitutes for small TeX additions to the text are often insufficient in quality for many readers. In spite of these shortcomings, the present product characterized by "many embedded PNG-images" should be preferred for small texts, where the equations do not dominate.


More precisely, MediaWiki filters the markup through [[Wikipedia:Texvc|Texvc]], which in turn passes the commands to TeX for the actual [[Rendering (computer graphics)|render]]ing. Thus, only a limited part of the full TeX language is supported; see below for details.
More precisely, MediaWiki filters the markup through [[w:Texvc|Texvc]], which in turn passes the commands to TeX for the actual [[w:Rendering (computer graphics)|render]]ing. Thus, only a limited part of the full TeX language is supported; see below for details.


To have math rendered in a particular MediaWiki installation, one has to set <code>$wgUseTeX = true;</code> in [[mw:Manual:LocalSettings.php|LocalSettings.php]].
To have math rendered, you have to set <code>$wgUseTeX = true;</code> in [[mw:Manual:LocalSettings.php|LocalSettings.php]].
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== Basics ==
==Technicals==
===Syntax===
Traditionally, math markup goes inside the  [[Help:XML-style tags|XML-style tag]] math: <code><nowiki><math> ... </math></nowiki></code>. The old [[Help:Edit toolbar|edit toolbar]] has a button for this: [[Image:Math icon.png|{{MediaWiki:Math tip}}]].


Math markup goes inside <code><nowiki><math> ... </math></nowiki></code>.
However, one can also use parser function [[mw:Help:Magic_words#Miscellaneous|#tag]]: <code><nowiki>{{#tag:math|...}}</nowiki></code>; this is more versatile: the wikitext at the dots is first [[Help:Expansion|expanded]] before interpreting the result as TeX code. Thus it can contain parameters, variables, parser functions and templates. Note however that with this syntax double braces in the TeX code must have a space in between, to avoid confusion with their use in template calls etc. Also, to produce the character "|" inside the TeX code, use <nowiki>{{!}}</nowiki>.<ref>This requires the wiki to have the [[Template:!]] containing "|", as many wikis do, see e.g. also [[w:Template:!]].</ref>


The TeX code has to be put literally: MediaWiki templates, predefined templates, and parameters cannot be used within math tags: pairs of double braces are ignored and "#" gives an error message. However, math tags work in the then and else part of #if, etc. See {{tim|Demo of attempt to use parameters within TeX}} for more information.
In TeX, as in HTML, extra spaces and newlines are ignored.


=== LaTeX Commands ===
===Rendering===
The PNG images are black on white (not transparent) (see [[bugzilla:8|bug 8]] for details). These colors, as well as font sizes and types, are independent of browser settings or CSS. Font sizes and types will often deviate from what HTML renders. Vertical alignment with the surrounding text can also be a problem. The [[Help:User style#CSS selectors|css selector]] of the images is <code>img.tex</code>.
It should be pointed out that solutions to most of these shortcomings have been proposed by [[m:Help talk:Displaying a formula/Archives/2005#Maynard Handley's suggestions|Maynard Handley]], but have not been implemented yet.


LaTeX commands are case sensitive, and take one of the following two formats:
The <code>alt</code> attribute of the PNG images (the text that is displayed if your browser can't display images; Internet Explorer shows it up in the hover box) is the wikitext that produced them, excluding the <code><nowiki><math></nowiki></code> and <code><nowiki></math></nowiki></code>.


* They start with a backslash \ and then have a name consisting of letters only. Command names are terminated by a space, a number or any other "non-letter".
Apart from function and operator names, as is customary in mathematics for variables, letters are in italics; digits are not. For other text, (like variable labels) to avoid being rendered in italics like variables, use <code>\text</code>, <code>\mbox</code>, or <code>\mathrm</code>. You can also define new function names using <code>\operatorname{...}</code>. For example, <code><nowiki><math>\text{abc}</math></nowiki></code> gives <math>\text{abc}</math>. This does not work for special characters, they are ignored unless the whole <nowiki><math></nowiki> expression is rendered in HTML:
* They consist of a backslash \ and exactly one non-letter.


Some commands need an argument, which has to be given between curly braces { } after the command name. Some commands support optional parameters, which are added after the command name in square brackets []. The general syntax is:
*<nowiki><math>\text {abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzàáâãäåæçčďèéěêëìíîïňñòóôõöřšť÷øùúůûüýÿž}</math></nowiki>
*<nowiki><math>\text {abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzàáâãäåæçčďèéěêëìíîïňñòóôõöřšť÷øùúůûüýÿž}\,</math></nowiki>


\commandname[option1,option2,...]{argument1}{argument2}...
gives:
 
=== Special Characters ===
 
The following symbols are reserved characters that either have a special meaning under LaTeX or are unavailable in all the fonts. If you enter them directly in your text, they will normally not render, but rather do things you did not intend.
 
# $ % ^ & _ { } ~ \
 
These characters can be use all the same by adding a prefix backslash:
 
\# \$ \% \textasciicircum{} \& \_ \{ \} \~{} \textbackslash{}
 
The other symbols and many more can be rendered with special commands in mathematical formulae or as accents.


The backslash character \ can ''not'' be entered by adding another backslash in front of it (\\); this sequence is used for line breaking. For introducing a backslash in math mode, you can use \backslash instead.
*<math>\text {abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzàáâãäåæçčďèéěêëìíîïňñòóôõöřšť÷øùúůûüýÿž}</math>
*<math>\text {abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzàáâãäåæçčďèéěêëìíîïňñòóôõöřšť÷øùúůûüýÿž}\,</math>


The command \~ produces a tilde which is placed over the next letter. For example \~n gives ñ. To produce just the character ~, use \~{}  which places a ~ over an empty box.
See [[bugzilla:798|bug 798]] for details.


Similarly, the command \^ produces a hat over the next character, for example \^{o} produces ô. If you need in text to display the ^ symbol you have to use \textasciicircum.
Nevertheless, using <code>\mbox</code> instead of <code>\text</code>, more characters are allowed


=== Spaces ===
For example,
 
*<nowiki><math>\mbox {abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzàáâãäåæçčďèéěêëìíîïňñòóôõöřšť÷øùúůûüýÿž}</math></nowiki>
"Whitespace" characters, such as blank or tab, are treated uniformly as "space" by LaTeX. Several consecutive whitespace characters are treated as one "space". See [[#Spacing|below]] for commands that produces spaces of different size.
*<nowiki><math>\mbox {abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzàáâãäåæçčèéêëìíîïñòóôõö÷øùúûüýÿ}\,</math></nowiki>
 
=== LaTeX environments ===
 
''Environments'' in LaTeX have a role that is quite similar to commands, but they usually have effect on a wider part of formula. Their syntax is:
 
\begin{environmentname}
  text to be influenced
\end{environmentname}
 
Environments supported by Wikipedia includes ''matrix'', ''align'', etc. See [[#Fractions, matrices, multilines|below]].
 
===Rendering===
The PNG images are black on white (not transparent). These colors, as well as font sizes and types, are independent of browser settings or CSS. Font sizes and types will often deviate from what HTML renders. Vertical alignment with the surrounding text can also be a problem. The [[Help:User style#CSS selectors|css selector]] of the images is img.tex.
It should be pointed out that solutions to most of these shortcomings have been proposed by [[m:Help talk:Displaying a formula/Archives/2005#Maynard Handley's suggestions|Maynard Handley]], but have not been implemented yet.
 
The [[WP:ALT|alt text]] of the PNG images, which is displayed to visually impaired and other readers who cannot see the images, and is also used when the text is selected and copied, defaults to the wikitext that produced the image, excluding the <code><nowiki><math></nowiki></code> and <code><nowiki></math></nowiki></code>. You can override this by explicitly specifying an <code>alt</code> attribute for the <code>math</code> element. For example, <code><nowiki><math alt="Square root of pi">\sqrt{\pi}</math></nowiki></code> generates an image <math alt="square root of pi">\sqrt{\pi}</math> whose alt text is "Square root of pi".
 
Apart from function and operator names, as is customary in mathematics, variables and letters are in italics; digits are not. For other text, (like variable labels) to avoid being rendered in italics like variables, use <code>\text</code> or <code>\mathrm</code>. For example, <code><nowiki><math>\text{abc}</math></nowiki></code> gives <math>\text{abc}</math>. This does not work for special characters; they are ignored unless the whole <nowiki><math></nowiki> expression is rendered in HTML:
 
*<nowiki><math>\text {abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzàáâãäåæçèéêëìíîïðñòóôõö÷øùúûüýþÿ}</math></nowiki>
*<nowiki><math>\text {abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzàáâãäåæçèéêëìíîïðñòóôõö÷øùúûüýþÿ}\,\!</math></nowiki>


gives:
gives:
*<math>\mbox {abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzàáâãäåæçčďèéěêëìíîïňñòóôõöřšť÷øùúůûüýÿž}</math>
*<math>\mbox {abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzàáâãäåæçčďèéěêëìíîïňñòóôõöřšť÷øùúůûüýÿž}\,</math>


*<math>\text {abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzàáâãäåæçèéêëìíîïðñòóôõö÷øùúûüýþÿ}</math>
But <code>\mbox{ð}</code> and <code>\mbox{þ}</code> will give an error:
*<math>\text {abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzàáâãäåæçèéêëìíîïðñòóôõö÷øùúûüýþÿ}\,\!</math>
* <math>\mbox {ð}</math>
* <math>\mbox {þ}</math>


==TeX vs HTML==
==TeX vs HTML==


Before introducing TeX markup for producing special characters, it should be noted that, as this comparison table shows, sometimes similar results can be achieved in HTML (see [[Help:Special characters]]).
Before introducing TeX markup for producing special characters, it should be noted that, as this comparison table shows, sometimes similar results can be achieved in HTML (see [[Help:Special characters]]).
{| border="2" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" style="margin: 1em 1em 1em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse;"
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|-
! TeX syntax ([[#Forced PNG rendering|forcing PNG]])
! TeX Syntax ([[#Forced_PNG_rendering|forcing PNG]])
! TeX rendering
! TeX Rendering
! HTML syntax
! HTML Syntax
! HTML rendering
! HTML Rendering
|-
|-
| <code><nowiki><math>\alpha\,\!</math></nowiki></code>
| <code><nowiki><math>\alpha\,\!</math></nowiki></code>
| <math>\alpha\,\!</math>
| <math>\alpha\,\!</math>
| <code><nowiki>{{math|<var>&amp;alpha;</var>}}</nowiki></code>
| <code><nowiki>{{math|<VAR>&amp;alpha;</VAR>}}</nowiki></code>
| {{math|<var>&alpha;</var>}}
| {{math|<VAR>&alpha;</VAR>}}
|-
|-
| <code><nowiki><math>\sqrt{2}</math></nowiki></code>
| <code><nowiki><math>\sqrt{2}</math></nowiki></code>
Zeile 104: Zeile 77:
The codes on the left produce the symbols on the right, but the latter can also be put directly in the wikitext, except for &lsquo;=&rsquo;.
The codes on the left produce the symbols on the right, but the latter can also be put directly in the wikitext, except for &lsquo;=&rsquo;.


<table border="1" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0"><!--
{| class="wikitable"
--><tr valign="top"><!--
|-
--><td><!--
! Syntax
--><pre><nowiki>&amp;alpha; &amp;beta; &amp;gamma; &amp;delta; &amp;epsilon; &amp;zeta;
! Rendering
|- valign="top"
|<pre><nowiki>&amp;alpha; &amp;beta; &amp;gamma; &amp;delta; &amp;epsilon; &amp;zeta;
&amp;eta; &amp;theta; &amp;iota; &amp;kappa; &amp;lambda; &amp;mu; &amp;nu;
&amp;eta; &amp;theta; &amp;iota; &amp;kappa; &amp;lambda; &amp;mu; &amp;nu;
&amp;xi; &amp;omicron; &amp;pi; &amp;rho; &amp;sigma; &amp;sigmaf;
&amp;xi; &amp;omicron; &amp;pi; &amp;rho; &amp;sigma; &amp;sigmaf;
&amp;tau; &amp;upsilon; &amp;phi; &amp;chi; &amp;psi; &amp;omega;
&amp;tau; &amp;upsilon; &amp;phi; &amp;chi; &amp;psi; &amp;omega;
&amp;Gamma; &amp;Delta; &amp;Theta; &amp;Lambda; &amp;Xi; &amp;Pi;
&amp;Gamma; &amp;Delta; &amp;Theta; &amp;Lambda; &amp;Xi; &amp;Pi;
&amp;Sigma; &amp;Phi; &amp;Psi; &amp;Omega;
&amp;Sigma; &amp;Phi; &amp;Psi; &amp;Omega;
</nowiki></pre><!--
</nowiki></pre>
--></td><!--
| style="texhtml" |α β γ δ ε ζ<br  
--><td style="texhtml"><!--
-->α β γ δ ε ζ<br  
/>η θ ι κ λ μ ν<br  
/>η θ ι κ λ μ ν<br  
/>ξ ο π ρ σ ς<br  
/>ξ ο π ρ σ ς<br  
/>τ υ φ χ ψ ω<br
/>τ υ φ χ ψ ω<br
/>Γ Δ Θ Λ Ξ Π<br
/>Γ Δ Θ Λ Ξ Π<br
/>Σ Φ Ψ Ω<!--
/>Σ Φ Ψ Ω
--></td><!--
|- valign="top"
--></tr><!--
| valign="middle" | <pre><nowiki>&amp;int; &amp;sum; &amp;prod; &amp;radic; &amp;minus; &amp;plusmn; &amp;infin;
--><tr valign="top"><!--
--><td valign="middle"><!--
--><pre><nowiki>&amp;int; &amp;sum; &amp;prod; &amp;radic; &amp;minus; &amp;plusmn; &amp;infin;
&amp;asymp; &amp;prop; {{=}} &amp;equiv; &amp;ne; &amp;le; &amp;ge;  
&amp;asymp; &amp;prop; {{=}} &amp;equiv; &amp;ne; &amp;le; &amp;ge;  
&amp;times; &amp;middot; &amp;divide; &amp;part; &amp;prime; &amp;Prime;
&amp;times; &amp;middot; &amp;divide; &amp;part; &amp;prime; &amp;Prime;
Zeile 135: Zeile 105:
&amp;rArr; &amp;hArr; &amp;rarr; &amp;harr; &amp;uarr;  
&amp;rArr; &amp;hArr; &amp;rarr; &amp;harr; &amp;uarr;  
&amp;alefsym; - &amp;ndash; &amp;mdash;  
&amp;alefsym; - &amp;ndash; &amp;mdash;  
</nowiki></pre><!--
</nowiki></pre>
--></td><!--
| style="texhtml" |∫ ∑ ∏ √ − ± ∞<br  
--><td style="texhtml"><!--
-->∫ ∑ ∏ √ − ± ∞<br  
/>≈ ∝ = ≡ ≠ ≤ ≥<br  
/>≈ ∝ = ≡ ≠ ≤ ≥<br  
/>× · ÷ ∂ ′ ″<br  
/>× · ÷ ∂ ′ ″<br  
Zeile 146: Zeile 114:
/>⇒ ⇔ → ↔ ↑<br  
/>⇒ ⇔ → ↔ ↑<br  
/>ℵ - – —
/>ℵ - – —
</td><!--
|}
--></tr><!--
--></table>


The project has settled on both HTML and TeX because each has advantages in some situations.
The use of HTML instead of TeX is still under discussion. The arguments either way can be summarised
as follows.


===Pros of HTML===
===Pros of HTML===
# Formulas in HTML behave more like regular text. In-line HTML formulae always align properly with the rest of the HTML text and, to some degree, can be cut-and-pasted. The formula&rsquo;s background and font size match the rest of HTML contents and the appearance respects CSS and browser settings while the typeface is conveniently altered to help you identify formulae. The display of a formula entered using mathematical templates can be conveniently altered by modifying the templates involved; this modification will affect all relevant formulae without any manual intervention. Formulae typeset with HTML code will be accessible to client-side script links (a.k.a. scriptlets).
# In-line HTML formulae always align properly with the rest of the HTML text.
# Pages using HTML code for formulae will load faster.  
# The formula&rsquo;s background and font size match the rest of HTML contents and the appearance respects CSS and browser settings while the typeface is conveniently altered to help you identify formulae.
# The HTML code, if entered diligently, will contain all semantic information to transform the equation back to TeX or any other code as needed. It can even contain differences TeX does not normally catch, e.g. <code><nowiki>{{math|''i''}}</nowiki></code> for the [[imaginary unit]] and <code><nowiki>{{math|<var>i</var>}}</nowiki></code> for an arbitrary index variable.
# Pages using HTML code for formulae will load faster and they will create less clutter on your hard disk.
# Formulae typeset with HTML code will be accessible to client-side script links (a.k.a. scriptlets).
# The display of a formula entered using mathematical templates can be conveniently altered by modifying the templates involved; this modification will affect all relevant formulae without any manual intervention.
# The HTML code, if entered diligently, will contain all semantic information to transform the equation back to TeX or any other code as needed. It can even contain differences TeX does not normally catch, e.g. <code><nowiki>{{math|''i''}}</nowiki></code> for the [[w:imaginary unit|imaginary unit]] and <code><nowiki>{{math|<VAR>i</VAR>}}</nowiki></code> for an arbitrary index variable.


===Pros of TeX===
===Pros of TeX===
# TeX is semantically more precise than HTML.  
# TeX is semantically superior to HTML. In TeX, "<code><nowiki><math>x</math></nowiki></code>" means "mathematical variable <math>x</math>", whereas in HTML "<code>x</code>" could mean anything. Information has been irrevocably lost.
## In TeX, "<code><nowiki><math>x</math></nowiki></code>" means "mathematical variable <math>x</math>", whereas in HTML "<code>x</code>" is generic and somewhat ambiguous.  
# On the other hand, if you encode the same formula as "<code><nowiki>{{math|<VAR>x</VAR>}}</nowiki></code>", you get the same visual result {{math|<VAR>x</VAR>}} and no information is lost. This requires diligence and more typing that could make the formula harder to understand as you type it. However, since there are far more readers than editors, this effort is worth considering.
## On the other hand, if you encode the same formula as "<code><nowiki>{{math|<var>x</var>}}</nowiki></code>", you get the same visual result {{math|<var>x</var>}} and no information is lost. This requires diligence and more typing that could make the formula harder to understand as you type it. However, since there are far more readers than editors, this effort is worth considering.
# TeX has been specifically designed for typesetting formulae, so input is easier and more natural if you are accustomed to it, and output is more aesthetically pleasing if you focus on a single formula rather than on the whole containing page.
#: One consequence of this is that TeX code can be transformed into HTML, but not vice-versa.{{ref|dilHTML}} This means that on the server side we can always transform a formula, based on its complexity and location within the text, user preferences, type of browser, etc. Therefore, where possible, all the benefits of HTML can be retained, together with the benefits of TeX. It is true that the current situation is not ideal, but that is not a good reason to drop information/contents. It is more a reason to [[#Bug reports|help improve the situation]]. Another consequence of this is that TeX can be converted to [[MathML]] for browsers which support it, thus keeping its semantics and allowing the rendering to be better suited for the reader&rsquo;s graphic device.
# One consequence of point&nbsp;1 is that TeX code can be transformed into HTML, but not vice-versa.{{ref|dilHTML}} This means that on the server side we can always transform a formula, based on its complexity and location within the text, user preferences, type of browser, etc. Therefore, where possible, all the benefits of HTML can be retained, together with the benefits of TeX. It is true that the current situation is not ideal, but that is not a good reason to drop information/contents. It is more a reason to [[#Bug_reports|help improve the situation]].
# TeX is the preferred text formatting language of most professional mathematicians, scientists, and engineers. It is easier to persuade them to contribute if they can write in TeX. TeX has been specifically designed for typesetting formulae, so input is easier and more natural if you are accustomed to it, and output is more aesthetically pleasing if you focus on a single formula rather than on the whole containing page. Once a formula is done correctly in TeX, it will render reliably, whereas the success of HTML formulae is somewhat dependent on browsers or versions of browsers. Another aspect of this dependency is fonts: the serif font used for rendering formulae is browser-dependent and it may be missing some important glyphs. While browsers are generally able to substitute a matching glyph from a different font family, this may not work for combined glyphs (compare&nbsp;&lsquo;&nbsp;<var>{{IPA|a&#773;}}</var>&nbsp;&rsquo; and&nbsp;&lsquo;&nbsp;<var style="font-family: serif">a&#773;</var>&nbsp;&rsquo;).{{ref|browsupp}}
# Another consequence of point&nbsp;1 is that TeX can be converted to [[w:MathML|MathML]] for browsers which support it, thus keeping its semantics and allowing the rendering to be better suited for the reader&rsquo;s graphic device.
# TeX formulae, by default, render larger and are usually more readable than HTML formula and are not dependent on client-side browser resources, such as fonts, and so the results are more reliably WYSIWYG.
# When writing in TeX, editors need not worry about whether this or that version of this or that browser supports this or that HTML entity. The burden of these decisions is put on the software. This does not hold for HTML formulae, which can easily end up being rendered wrongly or differently from the editor&rsquo;s intentions on a different browser.{{ref|browsupp}} 
# While TeX does not assist you in finding HTML codes or Unicode values (which you can obtain by viewing the HTML source in your browser), cutting and pasting from a TeX PNG in Wikipedia into simple text will return the LaTeX source.
# More importantly, the serif font used for rendering formulae is browser-dependent and it may be missing some important glyphs. While the browser generally capable to substitute a matching glyph from a different font family, it need not be the case for combined glyphs (compare&nbsp;&lsquo;&nbsp;<VAR>{{IPA|a&#773;}}</VAR>&nbsp;&rsquo; and&nbsp;&lsquo;&nbsp;<VAR STYLE="FONT-FAMILY: SERIF">a&#773;</VAR>&nbsp;&rsquo;).
# TeX is the preferred text formatting language of most professional mathematicians, scientists, and engineers. It is easier to persuade them to contribute if they can write in TeX.


:<small>{{note|dilHTML}} unless your wikitext follows the style of point&nbsp;1.2</small>
:<SMALL>{{note|dilHTML}} unless your wikitext follows the style of point&nbsp;2</SMALL>
:<small>{{note|entHTML}} The entity support problem is not limited to mathematical formulae though; it can be easily solved by using the corresponding characters instead of entities, as the character repertoire links do, except for cases where the corresponding glyphs are visually indiscernible (e.g. &amp;ndash; for &lsquo;&ndash;&rsquo; and &amp;minus; for &lsquo;&minus;&rsquo;).</small>
:<SMALL>{{note|browsupp}} The entity support problem is not limited to mathematical formulae though; it can be easily solved by using the corresponding characters instead of entities, as the character repertoire links do, except for cases where the corresponding glyphs are visually indiscernible (e.g. &amp;ndash; for &lsquo;&ndash;&rsquo; and &amp;minus; for &lsquo;&minus;&rsquo;).</SMALL>


In some cases it may be the best choice to use neither TeX nor the html-substitutes, but instead the simple ASCII symbols of a standard keyboard (see below, for an example).
== Functions, symbols, special characters ==


== Functions, symbols, special characters ==
<!-- Eight symbols per line seems to be optimal-->
<!-- Eight symbols per line seems to be optimal -->
{| class="wikitable"
{|class="wikitable"
! colspan="2" |<h3>Accents/diacritics</h3>
|-
|-
!colspan="2"|
|<code>\acute{a} \grave{a} \hat{a} \tilde{a} \breve{a}</code>
=== Accents/diacritics ===
|<math>\acute{a} \grave{a} \hat{a} \tilde{a} \breve{a}\,\!</math>
|-
|-
|<code>\dot{a}, \ddot{a}, \acute{a}, \grave{a} </code>
|<code>\check{a} \bar{a} \ddot{a} \dot{a}</code>
|<math>\dot{a}, \ddot{a}, \acute{a}, \grave{a} \!</math>
|<math>\check{a} \bar{a} \ddot{a} \dot{a}\!</math>
|-
|-
|<code>\check{a}, \breve{a}, \tilde{a}, \bar{a} </code>
! colspan="2" |
|<math>\check{a}, \breve{a}, \tilde{a}, \bar{a} \!</math>
 
<h3>Standard functions</h3>
|-
|-
|<code>\hat{a}, \widehat{a}, \vec{a} </code>
|<code>\sin a \cos b \tan c</code>
|<math>\hat{a}, \widehat{a}, \vec{a} \!</math>
|<math>\sin a \cos b \tan c\!</math>
|-
|-
!colspan="2"|
|<code>\sec d \csc e \cot f</code>
 
|<math>\sec d \csc e \cot f\,\!</math>
=== Standard functions ===
|-
|-
|<code>\exp_a b = a^b, \exp b = e^b, 10^m </code>
|<code>\arcsin h \arccos i \arctan j</code>
|<math>\exp_a b = a^b, \exp b = e^b, 10^m \!</math>
|<math>\arcsin h \arccos i \arctan j\,\!</math>
|-
|-
|<code>\ln c, \lg d = \log e, \log_{10} f </code>
|<code>\sinh k \cosh l \tanh m \coth n\!</code>
|<math>\ln c, \lg d = \log e, \log_{10} f \!</math>
|<math>\sinh k \cosh l \tanh m \coth n\!</math>
|-
|-
|<code>\sin a, \cos b, \tan c, \cot d, \sec e, \csc f</code>
|<code>\operatorname{sh}\,o\,\operatorname{ch}\,p\,\operatorname{th}\,q\!</code>
|<math>\sin a, \cos b, \tan c, \cot d, \sec e, \csc f\!</math>
|<math>\operatorname{sh}\,o\,\operatorname{ch}\,p\,\operatorname{th}\,q\!</math>
|-
|-
|<code>\arcsin h, \arccos i, \arctan j </code>
|<code>\operatorname{arsinh}\,r\,\operatorname{arcosh}\,s\,\operatorname{artanh}\,t</code>
|<math>\arcsin h, \arccos i, \arctan j \!</math>
|<math>\operatorname{arsinh}\,r\,\operatorname{arcosh}\,s\,\operatorname{artanh}\,t\,\!</math>
|-
|-
|<code>\sinh k, \cosh l, \tanh m, \coth n </code>
|<code>\lim u \limsup v \liminf w \min x \max y\!</code>
|<math>\sinh k, \cosh l, \tanh m, \coth n \!</math>
|<math>\lim u \limsup v \liminf w \min x \max y\!</math>
|-
|-
|<code>\operatorname{sh}\,k, \operatorname{ch}\,l, \operatorname{th}\,m, \operatorname{coth}\,n </code>
|<code>\inf z \sup a \exp b \ln c \lg d \log e \log_{10} f \ker g\!</code>
|<math>\operatorname{sh}\,k, \operatorname{ch}\,l, \operatorname{th}\,m, \operatorname{coth}\,n \!</math>
|<math>\inf z \sup a \exp b \ln c \lg d \log e \log_{10} f \ker g\!</math>
|-
|-
|<code>\operatorname{argsh}\,o, \operatorname{argch}\,p, \operatorname{argth}\,q </code>
|<code>\deg h \gcd i \Pr j \det k \hom l \arg m \dim n</code>
|<math>\operatorname{argsh}\,o, \operatorname{argch}\,p, \operatorname{argth}\,q \!</math>
|<math>\deg h \gcd i \Pr j \det k \hom l \arg m \dim n\!</math>
|-
|-
|<code>\sgn r, \left\vert s \right\vert </code>
! colspan="2" |
|<math>\sgn r, \left\vert s \right\vert \!</math>
|-
!colspan="2"|


=== Bounds ===
<h3>Modular arithmetic</h3>
|-
|-
|<code>\min x, \max y, \inf s, \sup t </code>
|<code>s_k \equiv 0 \pmod{m}</code>
|<math>\min x, \max y, \inf s, \sup t \!</math>
|<math>s_k \equiv 0 \pmod{m}\,\!</math>
|-
|-
|<code>\lim u, \liminf v, \limsup w </code>
|<code>a\,\bmod\,b</code>
|<math>\lim u, \liminf v, \limsup w \!</math>
|<math>a\,\bmod\,b\,\!</math>
|-
|-
|<code>\dim p, \deg q, \det m, \ker\phi </code>
! colspan="2" | <h3>Derivatives</h3>
|<math>\dim p, \deg q, \det m, \ker\phi \!</math>
|-
|-
!colspan="2"|
|<code>\nabla \, \partial x \, dx \, \dot x \, \ddot y\, dy/dx\, \frac{dy}{dx}\, \frac{\partial^2 y}{\partial x_1\,\partial x_2}</code>
 
|<math>\nabla \, \partial x \, dx \, \dot x \, \ddot y\, dy/dx\, \frac{dy}{dx}\, \frac{\partial^2 y}{\partial x_1\,\partial x_2}</math>
=== Projections ===
|-
|-
|<code>\Pr j, \hom l, \lVert z \rVert, \arg z </code>
! colspan="2" |
|<math>\Pr j, \hom l, \lVert z \rVert, \arg z \!</math>
|-
!colspan="2"|


=== Differentials and derivatives ===
<h3>Sets</h3>
|-
|<code>dt, \operatorname{d}t, \partial t, \nabla\psi</code>
|<math>dt, \operatorname{d}t, \partial t, \nabla\psi\!</math>
|-
|<code>\operatorname{d}y/\operatorname{d}x, {\operatorname{d}y\over\operatorname{d}x}, {\partial^2\over\partial x_1\partial x_2}y </code>
|<math>\operatorname{d}y/\operatorname{d}x,{\operatorname{d}y\over\operatorname{d}x}, {\partial^2\over\partial x_1\partial x_2}y \!</math>
|-
|-
|<code>\prime, \backprime, f^\prime, f', f'<nowiki/>', f^{(3)}, \dot y, \ddot y </code>
|<code>\forall \exists \empty \emptyset \varnothing</code>
|<math>\prime, \backprime, f^\prime, f', f'', f^{(3)} \!, \dot y, \ddot y</math>
|<math>\forall \exists \empty \emptyset \varnothing\,\!</math>
|-
|-
!colspan="2"|
|<code>\in \ni \not \in \notin \subset \subseteq \supset \supseteq</code>
 
|<math>\in \ni \not \in \notin \subset \subseteq \supset \supseteq\,\!</math>
=== Letter-like symbols or constants ===
|-
|-
|<code>\infty, \alef, \complement, \backepsilon, \eth, \Finv, \hbar </code>
|<code>\cap \bigcap \cup \bigcup \biguplus \setminus \smallsetminus</code>
|<math>\infty, \alef, \complement, \backepsilon, \eth, \Finv, \hbar \!</math>
|<math>\cap \bigcap \cup \bigcup \biguplus \setminus \smallsetminus\,\!</math>
|-
|-
|<code>\Im, \imath, \jmath, \Bbbk, \ell, \mho, \wp, \Re, \circledS </code>
|<code>\sqsubset \sqsubseteq \sqsupset \sqsupseteq \sqcap \sqcup \bigsqcup</code>
|<math>\Im, \imath, \jmath, \Bbbk, \ell, \mho, \wp, \Re, \circledS \!</math>
|<math>\sqsubset \sqsubseteq \sqsupset \sqsupseteq \sqcap \sqcup \bigsqcup\,\!</math>
|-
|-
!colspan="2"|
! colspan="2" |


=== Modular arithmetic ===
<h3>Operators</h3>
|-
|-
|<code>s_k \equiv 0 \pmod{m} </code>
|<code>+ \oplus \bigoplus \pm \mp - </code>
|<math>s_k \equiv 0 \pmod{m} \!</math>
|<math>+ \oplus \bigoplus \pm \mp - \,\!</math>
|-
|-
|<code>a\,\bmod\,b </code>
|<code>\times \otimes \bigotimes \cdot \circ \bullet \bigodot</code>
|<math>a\,\bmod\,b \!</math>
|<math>\times \otimes \bigotimes \cdot \circ \bullet \bigodot\,\!</math>
|-
|-
|<code>\gcd(m, n), \operatorname{lcm}(m, n)</code>
|<code>\star * / \div \frac{1}{2}</code>
|<math>\gcd(m, n), \operatorname{lcm}(m, n)</math>
|<math>\star * / \div \frac{1}{2}\,\!</math>
|-
|-
|<code>\mid, \nmid, \shortmid, \nshortmid </code>
! colspan="2" |
|<math>\mid, \nmid, \shortmid, \nshortmid \!</math>
 
<h3>Logic</h3>
|-
|-
!colspan="2"|
|<code>\land (or \and) \wedge \bigwedge \bar{q} \to p</code>
 
|<math>\land \wedge \bigwedge \bar{q} \to p\,\!</math>
=== Radicals ===
|-
|-
|<code>\surd, \sqrt{2}, \sqrt[n]{}, \sqrt[3]{x^3+y^3 \over 2} </code>
|<code>\lor \vee \bigvee \lnot \neg q \And</code>
|<math>\surd, \sqrt{2}, \sqrt[n]{}, \sqrt[3]{x^3+y^3 \over 2} \!</math>
|<math>\lor \vee \bigvee \lnot \neg q \And\,\!</math>
|-
|-
!colspan="2"|
! colspan="2" |


=== Operators ===
<h3>Root</h3>
|-
|<code>+, -, \pm, \mp, \dotplus </code>
|<math>+, -, \pm, \mp, \dotplus \!</math>
|-
|<code>\times, \div, \divideontimes, /, \backslash </code>
|<math>\times, \div, \divideontimes, /, \backslash \!</math>
|-
|-
|<code>\cdot, * \ast, \star, \circ, \bullet </code>
|<code>\sqrt{2} \sqrt[n]{x}</code>
|<math>\cdot, * \ast, \star, \circ, \bullet \!</math>
|<math>\sqrt{2} \sqrt[n]{x}\,\!</math>
|-
|-
|<code>\boxplus, \boxminus, \boxtimes, \boxdot </code>
! colspan="2" | <h3>Relations</h3>
|<math>\boxplus, \boxminus, \boxtimes, \boxdot \!</math>
|-
|-
|<code>\oplus, \ominus, \otimes, \oslash, \odot</code>
|<code>\sim \approx \simeq \cong \dot=  \overset{\underset{\mathrm{def}}{}}{=}</code>
|<math>\oplus, \ominus, \otimes, \oslash, \odot\!</math>
|<math>\sim \approx \simeq \cong \dot=  \overset{\underset{\mathrm{def}}{}}{=}\,\!</math>
|-
|-
|<code>\circleddash, \circledcirc, \circledast </code>
|<code>\le < \ll \gg \ge > \equiv \not\equiv \ne \mbox{or} \neq \propto</code>
|<math>\circleddash, \circledcirc, \circledast \!</math>
|<math>\le < \ll \gg \ge > \equiv \not\equiv \ne \mbox{or} \neq \propto\,\!</math>
|-
|-
|<code>\bigoplus, \bigotimes, \bigodot </code>
|<code> \geqq \geqslant \eqslantgtr \gtrsim \gtrapprox</code>
|<math>\bigoplus, \bigotimes, \bigodot \!</math>
|<math> \geqq \geqslant \eqslantgtr \gtrsim \gtrapprox</math>
|-
|-
!colspan="2"|
! colspan="2" |


=== Sets ===
<h3>Geometric</h3>
|-
|<code>\{ \}, \O \empty \emptyset, \varnothing </code>
|<math>\{ \}, \O \empty \emptyset, \varnothing \!</math>
|-
|-
|<code>\in, \notin \not\in, \ni, \not\ni </code>
|<code><nowiki>\Diamond \Box \triangle \angle \perp \mid \nmid \| 45^\circ</nowiki></code>
|<math>\in, \notin \not\in, \ni, \not\ni \!</math>
|<math>\Diamond \, \Box \, \triangle \, \angle \perp \, \mid \; \nmid \, \| 45^\circ\,\!</math>
|-
|-
|<code>\cap, \Cap, \sqcap, \bigcap, \setminus, \smallsetminus </code>
! colspan="2" |
|<math>\cap, \Cap, \sqcap, \bigcap, \setminus, \smallsetminus \!</math>
|-
|<code>\cup, \Cup, \sqcup, \bigcup, \bigsqcup, \uplus, \biguplus </code>
|<math>\cup, \Cup, \sqcup, \bigcup, \bigsqcup, \uplus, \biguplus \!</math>
|-
|<code>\subset, \Subset, \sqsubset </code>
|<math>\subset, \Subset, \sqsubset \!</math>
|-
|<code>\supset, \Supset, \sqsupset </code>
|<math>\supset, \Supset, \sqsupset \!</math>
|-
|<code>\subseteq, \nsubseteq, \subsetneq, \varsubsetneq, \sqsubseteq </code>
|<math>\subseteq, \nsubseteq, \subsetneq, \varsubsetneq, \sqsubseteq \!</math>
|-
|<code>\supseteq, \nsupseteq, \supsetneq, \varsupsetneq, \sqsupseteq </code>
|<math>\supseteq, \nsupseteq, \supsetneq, \varsupsetneq, \sqsupseteq \!</math>
|-
|<code>\subseteqq, \nsubseteqq, \subsetneqq, \varsubsetneqq </code>
|<math>\subseteqq, \nsubseteqq, \subsetneqq, \varsubsetneqq \!</math>
|-
|<code>\supseteqq, \nsupseteqq, \supsetneqq, \varsupsetneqq </code>
|<math>\supseteqq, \nsupseteqq, \supsetneqq, \varsupsetneqq \!</math>
|-
!colspan="2"|


=== Relations ===
<h3>Arrows</h3>
|-
|-
|<code>=, \ne \neq, \equiv, \not\equiv </code>
|<code>\leftarrow (or \gets) \rightarrow (or \to) \nleftarrow \nrightarrow \leftrightarrow \nleftrightarrow \longleftarrow \longrightarrow \longleftrightarrow</code>
|<math>=, \ne \neq, \equiv, \not\equiv \!</math>
|<math>\leftarrow \rightarrow \nleftarrow \nrightarrow \leftrightarrow \nleftrightarrow \longleftarrow \longrightarrow \longleftrightarrow \,\!</math>
|-
|-
|<code>\doteq, \overset{\underset{\mathrm{def}}{}}{=}, := </code>
|<code>\Leftarrow \Rightarrow \nLeftarrow \nRightarrow \Leftrightarrow \nLeftrightarrow \Longleftarrow \Longrightarrow \Longleftrightarrow (or \iff)</code>
|<math>\doteq, \overset{\underset{\mathrm{def}}{}}{=}, := \!</math>
|<math>\Leftarrow \Rightarrow \nLeftarrow \nRightarrow \Leftrightarrow \nLeftrightarrow \Longleftarrow \Longrightarrow \Longleftrightarrow \!</math>
|-
|-
|<code>\sim, \nsim, \backsim, \thicksim, \simeq, \backsimeq, \eqsim, \cong, \ncong </code>
|<code>\uparrow \downarrow \updownarrow \Uparrow \Downarrow \Updownarrow  \nearrow \searrow \swarrow \nwarrow</code>
|<math>\sim, \nsim, \backsim, \thicksim, \simeq, \backsimeq, \eqsim, \cong, \ncong \!</math>
|<math>\uparrow \downarrow \updownarrow \Uparrow \Downarrow \Updownarrow  \nearrow \searrow \swarrow \nwarrow \!</math>
|-
|-
|<code>\approx, \thickapprox, \approxeq, \asymp, \propto, \varpropto </code>
|<code>\rightharpoonup \rightharpoondown \leftharpoonup \leftharpoondown \upharpoonleft \upharpoonright \downharpoonleft \downharpoonright \rightleftharpoons \leftrightharpoons</code>
|<math>\approx, \thickapprox, \approxeq, \asymp, \propto, \varpropto \!</math>
|<math>\rightharpoonup \rightharpoondown \leftharpoonup \leftharpoondown \upharpoonleft \upharpoonright \downharpoonleft \downharpoonright \rightleftharpoons \leftrightharpoons \,\!</math>
|-
|<code><, \nless, \ll, \not\ll, \lll, \not\lll, \lessdot </code>
|<math><, \nless, \ll, \not\ll, \lll, \not\lll, \lessdot \!</math>
|-
|<code>>, \ngtr, \gg, \not\gg, \ggg, \not\ggg, \gtrdot </code>
|<math>>, \ngtr, \gg, \not\gg, \ggg, \not\ggg, \gtrdot \!</math>
|-
|<code>\le \leq, \lneq, \leqq, \nleqq, \lneqq, \lvertneqq </code>
|<math>\le \leq, \lneq, \leqq, \nleqq, \lneqq, \lvertneqq \!</math>
|-
|<code>\ge \geq, \gneq, \geqq, \ngeqq, \gneqq, \gvertneqq </code>
|<math>\ge \geq, \gneq, \geqq, \ngeqq, \gneqq, \gvertneqq \!</math>
|-
|<code>\lessgtr \lesseqgtr \lesseqqgtr \gtrless \gtreqless \gtreqqless </code>
|<math>\lessgtr \lesseqgtr \lesseqqgtr \gtrless \gtreqless \gtreqqless \!</math>
|-
|<code>\leqslant, \nleqslant, \eqslantless </code>
|<math>\leqslant, \nleqslant, \eqslantless \!</math>
|-
|<code>\geqslant, \ngeqslant, \eqslantgtr </code>
|<math>\geqslant, \ngeqslant, \eqslantgtr \!</math>
|-
|<code>\lesssim, \lnsim, \lessapprox, \lnapprox </code>
|<math>\lesssim, \lnsim, \lessapprox, \lnapprox \!</math>
|-
|<code> \gtrsim, \gnsim, \gtrapprox, \gnapprox </code>
|<math> \gtrsim, \gnsim, \gtrapprox, \gnapprox \,</math>
|-
|<code>\prec, \nprec, \preceq, \npreceq, \precneqq </code>
|<math>\prec, \nprec, \preceq, \npreceq, \precneqq \!</math>
|-
|-
|<code>\succ, \nsucc, \succeq, \nsucceq, \succneqq </code>
|<code>\curvearrowleft \circlearrowleft \Lsh \upuparrows \rightrightarrows \rightleftarrows \Rrightarrow \rightarrowtail \looparrowright</code>
|<math>\succ, \nsucc, \succeq, \nsucceq, \succneqq \!</math>
|<math>\curvearrowleft \circlearrowleft \Lsh \upuparrows \rightrightarrows \rightleftarrows \Rrightarrow \rightarrowtail \looparrowright \,\!</math>
|-
|-
|<code>\preccurlyeq, \curlyeqprec </code>
|<code>\curvearrowright \circlearrowright \Rsh \downdownarrows \leftleftarrows \leftrightarrows \Lleftarrow \leftarrowtail \looparrowleft</code>
|<math>\preccurlyeq, \curlyeqprec \,</math>
|<math>\curvearrowright \circlearrowright \Rsh \downdownarrows \leftleftarrows \leftrightarrows \Lleftarrow \leftarrowtail \looparrowleft \,\!</math>
|-
|-
|<code>\succcurlyeq, \curlyeqsucc </code>
|<code>\mapsto \longmapsto \hookrightarrow \hookleftarrow \multimap \leftrightsquigarrow \rightsquigarrow </code>
|<math>\succcurlyeq, \curlyeqsucc \,</math>
|<math>\mapsto \longmapsto \hookrightarrow \hookleftarrow \multimap \leftrightsquigarrow \rightsquigarrow \,\!</math>
|-
|-
|<code>\precsim, \precnsim, \precapprox, \precnapprox </code>
! colspan="2" |
|<math>\precsim, \precnsim, \precapprox, \precnapprox \,</math>
|-
|<code>\succsim, \succnsim, \succapprox, \succnapprox </code>
|<math>\succsim, \succnsim, \succapprox, \succnapprox \,</math>
|-
!colspan="2"|


=== Geometric ===
<h3>Special</h3>
|-
|-
|<code>\parallel, \nparallel, \shortparallel, \nshortparallel </code>
|<code>\And \eth \S \P \% \dagger \ddagger \ldots \cdots</code>
|<math>\parallel, \nparallel, \shortparallel, \nshortparallel \!</math>
|<math>\And \eth \S \P \% \dagger \ddagger \ldots \cdots\,\!</math>
|-
|-
|<code>\perp, \angle, \sphericalangle, \measuredangle, 45^\circ </code>
|<code>\smile \frown \wr \triangleleft \triangleright \infty \bot \top</code>
|<math>\perp, \angle, \sphericalangle, \measuredangle, 45^\circ \!</math>
|<math>\smile \frown \wr \triangleleft \triangleright \infty \bot \top\,\!</math>
|-
|-
|<code>\Box, \blacksquare, \diamond, \Diamond \lozenge, \blacklozenge, \bigstar </code>
|<code>\vdash \vDash \Vdash \models \lVert \rVert \imath \hbar</code>
|<math>\Box, \blacksquare, \diamond, \Diamond \lozenge, \blacklozenge, \bigstar \!</math>
|<math>\vdash \vDash \Vdash \models \lVert \rVert \imath \hbar\,\!</math>
|-
|-
|<code>\bigcirc, \triangle \bigtriangleup, \bigtriangledown </code>
|<code>\ell \mho \Finv \Re \Im \wp \complement</code>
|<math>\bigcirc, \triangle \bigtriangleup, \bigtriangledown \!</math>
|<math>\ell \mho \Finv \Re \Im \wp \complement\,\!</math>
|-
|-
|<code>\vartriangle, \triangledown </code>
|<code>\diamondsuit \heartsuit \clubsuit \spadesuit \Game \flat \natural \sharp</code>
|<math>\vartriangle, \triangledown\!</math>
|<math>\diamondsuit \heartsuit \clubsuit \spadesuit \Game \flat \natural \sharp\,\!</math>
|-
|-
|<code>\blacktriangle, \blacktriangledown, \blacktriangleleft, \blacktriangleright </code>
! colspan="2" |
|<math>\blacktriangle, \blacktriangledown, \blacktriangleleft, \blacktriangleright \!</math>
|-
!colspan="2"|


=== Logic ===
<h3>Unsorted (new stuff)</h3>
|-
|-
|<code>\forall, \exists, \nexists </code>
|<code> \vartriangle \triangledown \lozenge \circledS \measuredangle \nexists \Bbbk \backprime \blacktriangle \blacktriangledown</code>
|<math>\forall, \exists, \nexists \!</math>
|<math> \vartriangle \triangledown \lozenge \circledS \measuredangle \nexists \Bbbk \backprime \blacktriangle \blacktriangledown</math>
|-
|-
|<code>\therefore, \because, \And </code>
|<code> \blacksquare \blacklozenge \bigstar \sphericalangle \diagup \diagdown \dotplus \Cap \Cup \barwedge</code>
|<math>\therefore, \because, \And \!</math>
|<math> \blacksquare \blacklozenge \bigstar \sphericalangle \diagup \diagdown \dotplus \Cap \Cup \barwedge\!</math>
|-
|-
|<code>\or \lor \vee, \curlyvee, \bigvee </code>
|<code> \veebar \doublebarwedge \boxminus \boxtimes \boxdot \boxplus \divideontimes \ltimes \rtimes \leftthreetimes</code>
|<math>\or \lor \vee, \curlyvee, \bigvee \!</math>
|<math> \veebar \doublebarwedge \boxminus \boxtimes \boxdot \boxplus \divideontimes \ltimes \rtimes \leftthreetimes</math>
|-
|-
|<code>\and \land \wedge, \curlywedge, \bigwedge </code>
|<code> \rightthreetimes \curlywedge \curlyvee \circleddash \circledast \circledcirc \centerdot \intercal \leqq \leqslant</code>
|<math>\and \land \wedge, \curlywedge, \bigwedge \!</math>
|<math> \rightthreetimes \curlywedge \curlyvee \circleddash \circledast \circledcirc \centerdot \intercal \leqq \leqslant</math>
|-
|-
|<code>\bar{q}, \overline{q}, \lnot \neg, \not\operatorname{R}, \bot, \top</code>
|<code> \eqslantless \lessapprox \approxeq \lessdot \lll \lessgtr \lesseqgtr \lesseqqgtr \doteqdot \risingdotseq</code>
|<math>\bar{q}, \overline{q}, \lnot \neg, \not\operatorname{R}, \bot, \top\!</math>
|<math> \eqslantless \lessapprox \approxeq \lessdot \lll \lessgtr \lesseqgtr \lesseqqgtr \doteqdot \risingdotseq</math>
|-
|-
|<code>\vdash \dashv, \vDash, \Vdash, \models </code>
|<code> \fallingdotseq \backsim \backsimeq \subseteqq \Subset \preccurlyeq \curlyeqprec \precsim \precapprox \vartriangleleft</code>
|<math>\vdash \dashv, \vDash, \Vdash, \models \!</math>
|<math> \fallingdotseq \backsim \backsimeq \subseteqq \Subset \preccurlyeq \curlyeqprec \precsim \precapprox \vartriangleleft</math>
|-
|-
|<code>\Vvdash \nvdash \nVdash \nvDash \nVDash </code>
|<code> \Vvdash \bumpeq \Bumpeq \eqsim \gtrdot</code>
|<math>\Vvdash \nvdash \nVdash \nvDash \nVDash \!</math>
|<math> \Vvdash \bumpeq \Bumpeq \eqsim \gtrdot</math>
|-
|-
|<code>\ulcorner \urcorner \llcorner \lrcorner </code>
|<code> \ggg \gtrless \gtreqless \gtreqqless \eqcirc \circeq \triangleq \thicksim \thickapprox \supseteqq</code>
|<math>\ulcorner \urcorner \llcorner \lrcorner \,</math>
|<math> \ggg \gtrless \gtreqless \gtreqqless \eqcirc \circeq \triangleq \thicksim \thickapprox \supseteqq</math>
|-
|-
!colspan="2"|
|<code> \Supset \succcurlyeq \curlyeqsucc \succsim \succapprox \vartriangleright \shortmid \shortparallel \between \pitchfork</code>
 
|<math> \Supset \succcurlyeq \curlyeqsucc \succsim \succapprox \vartriangleright \shortmid \shortparallel \between \pitchfork</math>
=== Arrows ===
|-
|-
|<code>\Rrightarrow, \Lleftarrow </code>
|<code> \varpropto \blacktriangleleft \therefore \backepsilon \blacktriangleright \because \nleqslant \nleqq \lneq \lneqq</code>
|<math>\Rrightarrow, \Lleftarrow \!</math>
|<math> \varpropto \blacktriangleleft \therefore \backepsilon \blacktriangleright \because \nleqslant \nleqq \lneq \lneqq</math>
|-
|-
|<code>\Rightarrow, \nRightarrow, \Longrightarrow \implies </code>
|<code> \lvertneqq \lnsim \lnapprox \nprec \npreceq \precneqq \precnsim \precnapprox \nsim \nshortmid</code>
|<math>\Rightarrow, \nRightarrow, \Longrightarrow \implies\!</math>
|<math> \lvertneqq \lnsim \lnapprox \nprec \npreceq \precneqq \precnsim \precnapprox \nsim \nshortmid</math>
|-
|-
|<code>\Leftarrow, \nLeftarrow, \Longleftarrow </code>
|<code> \nvdash \nVdash \ntriangleleft \ntrianglelefteq \nsubseteq \nsubseteqq \varsubsetneq \subsetneqq \varsubsetneqq \ngtr</code>
|<math>\Leftarrow, \nLeftarrow, \Longleftarrow \!</math>
|<math> \nvdash \nVdash \ntriangleleft \ntrianglelefteq \nsubseteq \nsubseteqq \varsubsetneq \subsetneqq \varsubsetneqq \ngtr</math>
|-
|-
|<code>\Leftrightarrow, \nLeftrightarrow, \Longleftrightarrow \iff </code>
|<code>\subsetneq</code>
|<math>\Leftrightarrow, \nLeftrightarrow, \Longleftrightarrow \iff \!</math>
|<math>\subsetneq</math>
|-
|-
|<code>\Uparrow, \Downarrow, \Updownarrow </code>
|<code> \ngeqslant \ngeqq \gneq \gneqq \gvertneqq \gnsim \gnapprox \nsucc \nsucceq \succneqq</code>
|<math>\Uparrow, \Downarrow, \Updownarrow \!</math>
|<math> \ngeqslant \ngeqq \gneq \gneqq \gvertneqq \gnsim \gnapprox \nsucc \nsucceq \succneqq</math>
|-
|-
|<code>\rightarrow \to, \nrightarrow, \longrightarrow </code>
|<code> \succnsim \succnapprox \ncong \nshortparallel \nparallel \nvDash \nVDash \ntriangleright \ntrianglerighteq \nsupseteq</code>
|<math>\rightarrow \to, \nrightarrow, \longrightarrow\!</math>
|<math> \succnsim \succnapprox \ncong \nshortparallel \nparallel \nvDash \nVDash \ntriangleright \ntrianglerighteq \nsupseteq</math>
|-
|-
|<code>\leftarrow \gets, \nleftarrow, \longleftarrow </code>
|<code> \nsupseteqq \varsupsetneq \supsetneqq \varsupsetneqq</code>
|<math>\leftarrow \gets, \nleftarrow, \longleftarrow\!</math>
|<math> \nsupseteqq \varsupsetneq \supsetneqq \varsupsetneqq</math>
|-
|-
|<code>\leftrightarrow, \nleftrightarrow, \longleftrightarrow </code>
|<code>\jmath \surd \ast \uplus \diamond \bigtriangleup \bigtriangledown \ominus</code>
|<math>\leftrightarrow, \nleftrightarrow, \longleftrightarrow \!</math>
|<math>\jmath \surd \ast \uplus \diamond \bigtriangleup \bigtriangledown \ominus\,\!</math>
|-
|-
|<code>\uparrow, \downarrow, \updownarrow </code>
|<code>\oslash \odot \bigcirc \amalg \prec \succ \preceq \succeq</code>
|<math>\uparrow, \downarrow, \updownarrow \!</math>
|<math>\oslash \odot \bigcirc \amalg \prec \succ \preceq \succeq\,\!</math>
|-
|-
|<code>\nearrow, \swarrow, \nwarrow, \searrow </code>
|<code>\dashv \asymp \doteq \parallel</code>
|<math>\nearrow, \swarrow, \nwarrow, \searrow \!</math>
|<math>\dashv \asymp \doteq \parallel\,\!</math>
|-
|-
|<code>\mapsto, \longmapsto </code>
|<code>\ulcorner \urcorner \llcorner \lrcorner</code>
|<math>\mapsto, \longmapsto \!</math>
|<math>\ulcorner \urcorner \llcorner \lrcorner</math>
|-
|<code>\rightharpoonup \rightharpoondown \leftharpoonup \leftharpoondown \upharpoonleft \upharpoonright \downharpoonleft \downharpoonright \rightleftharpoons \leftrightharpoons</code>
|<math>\rightharpoonup \rightharpoondown \leftharpoonup \leftharpoondown \upharpoonleft \upharpoonright \downharpoonleft \downharpoonright \rightleftharpoons \leftrightharpoons \,\!</math>
|-
|<code>\curvearrowleft \circlearrowleft \Lsh \upuparrows \rightrightarrows \rightleftarrows \rightarrowtail \looparrowright</code>
|<math>\curvearrowleft \circlearrowleft \Lsh \upuparrows \rightrightarrows \rightleftarrows \rightarrowtail \looparrowright \,\!</math>
|-
|<code>\curvearrowright \circlearrowright \Rsh \downdownarrows \leftleftarrows \leftrightarrows \leftarrowtail \looparrowleft</code>
|<math>\curvearrowright \circlearrowright \Rsh \downdownarrows \leftleftarrows \leftrightarrows \leftarrowtail \looparrowleft \,\!</math>
|-
|<code>\hookrightarrow \hookleftarrow \multimap \leftrightsquigarrow \rightsquigarrow \twoheadrightarrow \twoheadleftarrow </code>
|<math>\hookrightarrow \hookleftarrow \multimap \leftrightsquigarrow \rightsquigarrow \twoheadrightarrow \twoheadleftarrow \!</math>
|-
!colspan="2"|
 
=== Special ===
|-
|<code>\amalg \P \S \% \dagger \ddagger \ldots \cdots </code>
|<math>\amalg \P \S \% \dagger \ddagger \ldots \cdots \!</math>
|-
|<code>\smile \frown \wr \triangleleft \triangleright</code>
|<math>\smile \frown \wr \triangleleft \triangleright\!</math>
|-
|<code>\diamondsuit, \heartsuit, \clubsuit, \spadesuit, \Game, \flat, \natural, \sharp </code>
|<math>\diamondsuit, \heartsuit, \clubsuit, \spadesuit, \Game, \flat, \natural, \sharp \!</math>
|-
!colspan="2"|
 
=== Unsorted (new stuff) ===
|-
|<code>\diagup \diagdown \centerdot \ltimes \rtimes \leftthreetimes \rightthreetimes </code>
|<math>\diagup \diagdown \centerdot \ltimes \rtimes \leftthreetimes \rightthreetimes \!</math>
|-
|<code>\eqcirc \circeq \triangleq \bumpeq \Bumpeq \doteqdot \risingdotseq \fallingdotseq </code>
|<math>\eqcirc \circeq \triangleq \bumpeq \Bumpeq \doteqdot \risingdotseq \fallingdotseq \!</math>
|-
|<code>\intercal \barwedge \veebar \doublebarwedge \between \pitchfork </code>
|<math>\intercal \barwedge \veebar \doublebarwedge \between \pitchfork \!</math>
|-
|<code>\vartriangleleft \ntriangleleft \vartriangleright \ntriangleright </code>
|<math>\vartriangleleft \ntriangleleft \vartriangleright \ntriangleright \!</math>
|-
|<code>\trianglelefteq \ntrianglelefteq \trianglerighteq \ntrianglerighteq </code>
|<math>\trianglelefteq \ntrianglelefteq \trianglerighteq \ntrianglerighteq \!</math>
|}
|}
For a little more semantics on these symbols, see the brief [http://www.math.upenn.edu/tex-stuff/cookbook.pdf TeX Cookbook].


== Larger expressions ==
== Larger expressions ==
=== Subscripts, superscripts, integrals ===
=== Subscripts, superscripts, integrals ===
{|class="wikitable" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" style="border-collapse:collapse"
{| border="2" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" style="margin: 1em 1em 1em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse;"
!rowspan="2"|Feature!!rowspan="2"|Syntax!!colspan="2"|How it looks rendered
|-
|-
!rowspan="2"| Feature !!rowspan="2"| Syntax !!colspan="2"| How it looks rendered
!HTML!!PNG
|-
|-
! HTML !! PNG
|-
|-
| Superscript
|Superscript||<code>a^2</code>||<math>a^2</math>||<math>a^2 \,\!</math>
|<code>a^2</code>||<math>a^2</math>||<math>a^2 \,\!</math>
|-
|-
| Subscript
|Subscript||<code>a_2</code>||<math>a_2</math>||<math>a_2 \,\!</math>
|<code>a_2</code>||<math>a_2</math>||<math>a_2 \,\!</math>
|-
|-
|rowspan="2"| Grouping
|rowspan=2|Grouping||<code>a^{2+2}</code>||<math>a^{2+2}</math>||<math>a^{2+2}\,\!</math>
|<code>10^{30} a^{2+2}</code>||<math>10^{30} a^{2+2}</math>||<math>10^{30} a^{2+2}\,\!</math>
|-
|-
|<code>a_{i,j} b_{f'}</code>||<math>a_{i,j} b_{f'}</math>||<math>a_{i,j} b_{f'}\,\!</math>
|<code>a_{i,j}</code>||<math>a_{i,j}</math>||<math>a_{i,j}\,\!</math>
|-
|-
|rowspan="2"| Combining sub & super without and with horizontal separation
|rowspan=2|Combining sub & super without and with horizontal separation||<code>x_2^3</code>||<math>x_2^3</math>||<math>x_2^3 \,\!</math>
|<code>x_2^3</code>|| ||<math>x_2^3 \,\!</math>
|-
|-
|<code>{x_2}^3</code>|| ||<math>{x_2}^3 \,\!</math>
|<code>{x_2}^3</code>||<math>{x_2}^3</math>||<math>{x_2}^3 \,\!</math>
|-
|-
| Super super
|Super super||<code>10^{10^{ \,\!{8} }</code>||colspan=2|<math>10^{10^{ \,\! 8 } }</math>
|<code>10^{10^{8}}</code>|| ||<math>10^{10^{8}} \,\!</math>
|-
|-
|rowspan="2"| Preceding and/or additional sub & super
|Super super||<code>10^{10^{ \overset{8}{} }}</code>||colspan=2|<math>10^{10^{ \overset{8}{} }}</math>
|<code>\sideset{_1^2}{_3^4}\prod_a^b</code>|| ||<math>\sideset{_1^2}{_3^4}\prod_a^b \,\!</math>
|-
|-
|<code>{}_1^2\!\Omega_3^4</code>|| ||<math>{}_1^2\!\Omega_3^4 \,\!</math>
|Super super (wrong in HTML in some browsers)||<code>10^{10^8}</code> ||colspan=2|<math>10^{10^8}</math>
|-
|-
|rowspan="4"| Stacking
|rowspan="2"|Preceding and/or Additional sub & super||<code>\sideset{_1^2}{_3^4}\prod_a^b</code>||colspan=2|<math>\sideset{_1^2}{_3^4}\prod_a^b</math>
|<code>\overset{\alpha}{\omega}</code>|| ||<math>\overset{\alpha}{\omega} \,\!</math>
|-
|-
|<code>\underset{\alpha}{\omega}</code>|| ||<math>\underset{\alpha}{\omega} \,\!</math>
|<code>{}_1^2\!\Omega_3^4</code>||colspan=2|<math>{}_1^2\!\Omega_3^4</math>
|-
|-
|<code>\overset{\alpha}{\underset{\gamma}{\omega}}</code>|| ||<math>\overset{\alpha}{\underset{\gamma}{\omega}} \,\!</math>
|rowspan="4"|Stacking
|<code>\overset{\alpha}{\omega}</code>||colspan="2"|<math>\overset{\alpha}{\omega}</math>
|-
|-
|<code>\stackrel{\alpha}{\omega}</code>|| ||<math>\stackrel{\alpha}{\omega} \,\!</math>
|<code>\underset{\alpha}{\omega}</code>||colspan="2"|<math>\underset{\alpha}{\omega}</math>
|-
|-
| Derivative (f in italics may overlap primes in HTML)
|<code>\overset{\alpha}{\underset{\gamma}{\omega}}</code>||colspan="2"|<math>\overset{\alpha}{\underset{\gamma}{\omega}}</math>
|<code><nowiki>x', y'', f', f''</nowiki></code>||<math>x', y'', f', f''</math>||<math>x', y'', f', f'' \!</math>
|-
|-
| Derivative (wrong in HTML)
|<code>\stackrel{\alpha}{\omega}</code>||colspan="2"|<math>\stackrel{\alpha}{\omega}</math>
|<code>x^\prime, y^{\prime\prime}</code>||<math>x^\prime, y^{\prime\prime}</math>||<math>x^\prime, y^{\prime\prime} \!</math>
|-
|-
| Derivative (wrong in PNG)
|Derivative (forced PNG)||<code>x', y<nowiki>''</nowiki>, f', f<nowiki>''</nowiki>\!</code>||&nbsp;||<math>x', y'', f', f''\!</math>
|<code>x\prime, y\prime\prime</code>||<math>x\prime, y\prime\prime</math>||<math>x\prime, y\prime\prime \!</math>
|-
|-
| Derivative dots
|Derivative (f in italics may overlap primes in HTML)||<code>x', y<nowiki>''</nowiki>, f', f<nowiki>''</nowiki></code>||<math>x', y'', f', f''</math>||<math>x', y'', f', f''\!</math>
|<code>\dot{x}, \ddot{x}</code>|| ||<math>\dot{x}, \ddot{x}</math>
|-
|-
|rowspan="3"| Underlines, overlines, vectors
|Derivative (wrong in HTML)||<code>x^\prime, y^{\prime\prime}</code>||<math>x^\prime, y^{\prime\prime}</math>||<math>x^\prime, y^{\prime\prime}\,\!</math>
|<code>\hat a \ \bar b \ \vec c</code>||colspan=2|<math> \hat a \ \bar b \ \vec c</math>
|-
|-
|<code>\overrightarrow{a b} \ \overleftarrow{c d} \ \widehat{d e f}</code>||colspan=2|<math> \overrightarrow{a b} \ \overleftarrow{c d} \ \widehat{d e f}</math>
|Derivative (wrong in PNG)||<code>x\prime, y\prime\prime</code>||<math>x\prime, y\prime\prime</math>||<math>x\prime, y\prime\prime\,\!</math>
|-
|-
|<code>\overline{g h i} \ \underline{j k l}</code>||colspan=2|<math> \overline{g h i} \ \underline{j k l}</math>
|Derivative dots||<code>\dot{x}, \ddot{x}</code>||colspan=2|<math>\dot{x}, \ddot{x}</math>
|-
|-
| Arrows
|rowspan="4"|Underlines, overlines, vectors||<code>\hat a \ \bar b \ \vec c</code>||colspan=2|<math>\hat a \ \bar b \ \vec c</math>
|<code> A \xleftarrow{n+\mu-1} B \xrightarrow[T]{n\pm i-1} C</code>||colspan=2|<math> A \xleftarrow{n+\mu-1} B \xrightarrow[T]{n\pm i-1} C</math>
|-
|-
| Overbraces
|<code>\overrightarrow{a b} \ \overleftarrow{c d} \ \widehat{d e f}</code>||colspan=2|<math>\overrightarrow{a b} \ \overleftarrow{c d} \ \widehat{d e f}</math>
|<code>\overbrace{ 1+2+\cdots+100 }^{5050}</code>||colspan=2|<math>\overbrace{ 1+2+\cdots+100 }^{5050}</math>
|-
|-
| Underbraces
|<code>\overline{g h i} \ \underline{j k l}</code>||colspan=2|<math>\overline{g h i} \ \underline{j k l}</math>
|<code>\underbrace{ a+b+\cdots+z }_{26}</code>||colspan=2|<math>\underbrace{ a+b+\cdots+z }_{26}</math>
|-
|-
| Sum
|<code>\not 1 \ \cancel{123}</code>||colspan=2|<math>\not 1 \ \cancel{123}</math>
|<code>\sum_{k=1}^N k^2</code>||colspan=2|<math>\sum_{k=1}^N k^2</math>
|-
|-
| Sum (force&nbsp;<code>\textstyle</code>)
|Arrows||<code> A \xleftarrow{n+\mu-1} B \xrightarrow[T]{n\pm i-1} C</code>||colspan=2|<math> A \xleftarrow{n+\mu-1} B \xrightarrow[T]{n\pm i-1} C</math>
|<code>\textstyle \sum_{k=1}^N k^2 </code>||colspan=2|<math>\textstyle \sum_{k=1}^N k^2</math>
|-
|-
| Sum in a fraction (default <code>\textstyle</code>)
|Overbraces||<code>\overbrace{ 1+2+\cdots+100 }^{5050}</code>||colspan=2|<math>\overbrace{ 1+2+\cdots+100 }^{5050}</math>
|<code>\frac{\sum_{k=1}^N k^2}{a}</code>||colspan=2|<math>\frac{\sum_{k=1}^N k^2}{a}</math>
|-
|-
| Sum in a fraction (force <code>\displaystyle</code>)
|Underbraces||<code>\underbrace{ a+b+\cdots+z }_{26}</code>||colspan=2|<math>\underbrace{ a+b+\cdots+z }_{26}</math>
|<code>\frac{\displaystyle \sum_{k=1}^N k^2}{a}</code>||colspan=2|<math>\frac{\displaystyle \sum_{k=1}^N k^2}{a}</math>
|-
|-
| Product
|Sum||<code>\sum_{k=1}^N k^2</code>||colspan=2|<math>\sum_{k=1}^N k^2</math>
|<code>\prod_{i=1}^N x_i</code>||colspan=2|<math>\prod_{i=1}^N x_i</math>
|-
|-
| Product (force&nbsp;<code>\textstyle</code>)
|Sum (force&nbsp;<code>\textstyle</code>)||<code>\textstyle \sum_{k=1}^N k^2 </code>||colspan=2|<math>\textstyle \sum_{k=1}^N k^2</math>
|<code>\textstyle \prod_{i=1}^N x_i</code>||colspan=2|<math>\textstyle \prod_{i=1}^N x_i</math>
|-
|-
| Coproduct
|Product||<code>\prod_{i=1}^N x_i</code>||colspan=2|<math>\prod_{i=1}^N x_i</math>
|<code>\coprod_{i=1}^N x_i</code>||colspan=2|<math>\coprod_{i=1}^N x_i</math>
|-
|-
| Coproduct (force&nbsp;<code>\textstyle</code>)
|Product (force&nbsp;<code>\textstyle</code>)||<code>\textstyle \prod_{i=1}^N x_i</code>||colspan=2|<math>\textstyle \prod_{i=1}^N x_i</math>
|<code>\textstyle \coprod_{i=1}^N x_i</code>||colspan=2|<math>\textstyle \coprod_{i=1}^N x_i</math>
|-
|-
| Limit
|Coproduct||<code>\coprod_{i=1}^N x_i</code>||colspan=2|<math>\coprod_{i=1}^N x_i</math>
|<code>\lim_{n \to \infty}x_n</code>||colspan=2|<math>\lim_{n \to \infty}x_n</math>
|-
|-
| Limit (force&nbsp;<code>\textstyle</code>)
|Coproduct (force&nbsp;<code>\textstyle</code>)||<code>\textstyle \coprod_{i=1}^N x_i</code>||colspan=2|<math>\textstyle \coprod_{i=1}^N x_i</math>
|<code>\textstyle \lim_{n \to \infty}x_n</code>||colspan=2|<math>\textstyle \lim_{n \to \infty}x_n</math>
|-
|-
| Integral
|Limit||<code>\lim_{n \to \infty}x_n</code>||colspan=2|<math>\lim_{n \to \infty}x_n</math>
|<code>\int\limits_{1}^{3}\frac{e^3/x}{x^2}\, dx</code>||colspan=2|<math>\int\limits_{1}^{3}\frac{e^3/x}{x^2}\, dx</math>
|-
|-
| Integral (alternative limits style)
|Limit (force&nbsp;<code>\textstyle</code>)||<code>\textstyle \lim_{n \to \infty}x_n</code>||colspan=2|<math>\textstyle \lim_{n \to \infty}x_n</math>
|<code>\int_{1}^{3}\frac{e^3/x}{x^2}\, dx</code>||colspan=2|<math>\int_{1}^{3}\frac{e^3/x}{x^2}\, dx</math>
|-
|-
| Integral (force&nbsp;<code>\textstyle</code>)
|Integral||<code>\int\limits_{1}^{3}\frac{e^3/x}{x^2}\, dx</code>||colspan=2|<math>\int\limits_{1}^{3}\frac{e^3/x}{x^2}\, dx</math>
|<code>\textstyle \int\limits_{-N}^{N} e^x\, dx</code>||colspan=2|<math>\textstyle \int\limits_{-N}^{N} e^x\, dx</math>
|-
|-
| Integral (force&nbsp;<code>\textstyle</code>, alternative limits style)
|Integral (alternate limits style)||<code>\int_{1}^{3}\frac{e^3/x}{x^2}\, dx</code>||colspan=2|<math>\int_{1}^{3}\frac{e^3/x}{x^2}\, dx</math>
|<code>\textstyle \int_{-N}^{N} e^x\, dx</code>||colspan=2|<math>\textstyle \int_{-N}^{N} e^x\, dx</math>
|-
|-
| Double integral
|Integral (force&nbsp;<code>\textstyle</code>)||<code>\textstyle \int\limits_{-N}^{N} e^x\, dx</code>||colspan=2|<math>\textstyle \int\limits_{-N}^{N} e^x\, dx</math>
|<code>\iint\limits_D \, dx\,dy</code>||colspan=2|<math>\iint\limits_D \, dx\,dy</math>
|-
|-
| Triple integral
|Integral (force&nbsp;<code>\textstyle</code>, alternate limits style)||<code>\textstyle \int_{-N}^{N} e^x\, dx</code>||colspan=2|<math>\textstyle \int_{-N}^{N} e^x\, dx</math>
|<code>\iiint\limits_E \, dx\,dy\,dz</code>||colspan=2|<math>\iiint\limits_E \, dx\,dy\,dz</math>
|-
|-
| Quadruple integral
|Double integral||<code>\iint\limits_D \, dx\,dy</code>||colspan=2|<math>\iint\limits_D \, dx\,dy</math>
|<code>\iiiint\limits_F \, dx\,dy\,dz\,dt</code>||colspan=2|<math>\iiiint\limits_F \, dx\,dy\,dz\,dt</math>
|-
|-
| Line or path integral
|Triple integral||<code>\iiint\limits_E \, dx\,dy\,dz</code>||colspan=2|<math>\iiint\limits_E \, dx\,dy\,dz</math>
|<code>\int_{(x,y)\in C} x^3\, dx + 4y^2\, dy</code>||colspan=2|<math>\int_{(x,y)\in C} x^3\, dx + 4y^2\, dy</math>
|-
|-
| Closed line or path integral
|Quadruple integral||<code>\iiiint\limits_F \, dx\,dy\,dz\,dt</code>||colspan=2|<math>\iiiint\limits_F \, dx\,dy\,dz\,dt</math>
|<code>\oint_{(x,y)\in C} x^3\, dx + 4y^2\, dy</code>||colspan=2|<math>\oint_{(x,y)\in C} x^3\, dx + 4y^2\, dy</math>
|-
|-
| Intersections
|Line or path integral||<code>\int_C x^3\, dx + 4y^2\, dy</code>||colspan=2|<math>\int_C x^3\, dx + 4y^2\, dy</math>
|<code>\bigcap_{i=_1}^n E_i</code>||colspan=2|<math>\bigcap_{i=_1}^n E_i</math>
|-
|-
| Unions
|Closed line or path integral||<code>\oint_C x^3\, dx + 4y^2\, dy</code>||colspan=2|<math>\oint_C x^3\, dx + 4y^2\, dy</math>
|<code>\bigcup_{i=_1}^n E_i</code>||colspan=2|<math>\bigcup_{i=_1}^n E_i</math>
|-
|Intersections||<code>\bigcap_1^n p</code>||colspan=2|<math>\bigcap_1^n p</math>
|-
|Unions||<code>\bigcup_1^k p</code>||colspan=2|<math>\bigcup_1^k p</math>
|}
|}


=== Fractions, matrices, multilines ===
=== Fractions, matrices, multilines ===


<table class="wikitable">
{|  class="wikitable"  
 
! Feature
<tr>
! Syntax
<th>Feature</th>
! How it looks rendered
<th>Syntax</th>
|-
<th>How it looks rendered</th>
| Fractions
</tr>
| <code>\frac{1}{2}=0.5</code>
 
| <math>\frac{1}{2}=0.5</math>
<tr>
|-
<td>Fractions</td>
| Small Fractions
<td><code>\frac{2}{4}=0.5</code> or <code>{2 \over 4}=0.5</code></td>
| <code>\tfrac{1}{2} = 0.5</code>
<td><math>\frac{2}{4}=0.5</math></td>
| <math>\tfrac{1}{2} = 0.5</math>
</tr>
|-
 
| Large (normal) Fractions
<td>Small fractions</td>
| <code>\dfrac{k}{k-1} = 0.5 \qquad \dfrac{2}{c + \dfrac{2}{d + \dfrac{1}{2}}} = a </code>
<td><code>\tfrac{2}{4} = 0.5</code></td>
| <math>\dfrac{k}{k-1} = 0.5 \qquad \dfrac{2}{c + \dfrac{2}{d + \dfrac{1}{2}}} = a</math>
<td><math>\tfrac{2}{4} = 0.5</math></td>
|-
</tr>
| Large (nested) Fractions
 
| <code>\cfrac{2}{c + \cfrac{2}{d + \cfrac{1}{2}}} = a</code>
<tr>
| <math>\cfrac{2}{c + \cfrac{2}{d + \cfrac{1}{2}}} = a</math>
<td>Large (normal) fractions</td>
|-
<td><code>\dfrac{2}{4} = 0.5 \qquad \dfrac{2}{c + \dfrac{2}{d + \dfrac{2}{4}}} = a </code></td>
| Binomial coefficients
<td><math>\dfrac{2}{4} = 0.5 \qquad \dfrac{2}{c + \dfrac{2}{d + \dfrac{2}{4}}} = a</math></td>
| <code>\binom{n}{k}</code>
</tr>
| <math>\binom{n}{k}</math>
 
|-
<tr>
| Small Binomial coefficients
<td>Large (nested) fractions</td>
| <code>\tbinom{n}{k}</code>
<td><code>\cfrac{2}{c + \cfrac{2}{d + \cfrac{2}{4}}} = a</code></td>
| <math>\tbinom{n}{k}</math>
<td><math>\cfrac{2}{c + \cfrac{2}{d + \cfrac{2}{4}}} = a</math></td>
|-
</tr>
| Large (normal) Binomial coefficients
 
| <code>\dbinom{n}{k}</code>
<tr>
| <math>\dbinom{n}{k}</math>
<td>Binomial coefficients</td>
|-
<td><code>\binom{n}{k}</code></td>
|  rowspan="7" | Matrices
<td><math>\binom{n}{k}</math></td>
| <pre>\begin{matrix}
</tr>
x & y \\
 
z & v  
<tr>
\end{matrix}</pre>
<td>Small binomial coefficients</td>
| <math>\begin{matrix} x & y \\ z & v
<td><code>\tbinom{n}{k}</code></td>
\end{matrix}</math>
<td><math>\tbinom{n}{k}</math></td>
|-
</tr>
| <pre>\begin{vmatrix}
 
x & y \\
<tr>
z & v  
<td>Large (normal) binomial coefficients</td>
\end{vmatrix}</pre>
<td><code>\dbinom{n}{k}</code></td>
| <math>\begin{vmatrix} x & y \\ z & v
<td><math>\dbinom{n}{k}</math></td>
\end{vmatrix}</math>
</tr>
|-
 
| <pre>\begin{Vmatrix}
<tr>
x & y \\
<td rowspan="7">Matrices</td>
z & v
<td><pre>\begin{matrix}
\end{Vmatrix}</pre>
x & y \\
| <math>\begin{Vmatrix} x & y \\ z & v
z & v
\end{Vmatrix}</math>
\end{matrix}</pre></td>
|-
<td><math>\begin{matrix} x & y \\ z & v
| <pre>\begin{bmatrix}
\end{matrix}</math></td>
0     & \cdots & 0     \\
</tr>
\vdots & \ddots & \vdots \\  
 
0     & \cdots & 0
<tr>
\end{bmatrix}</pre>
<td><pre>\begin{vmatrix}
| <math>\begin{bmatrix} 0 & \cdots & 0 \\ \vdots
x & y \\
z & v
\end{vmatrix}</pre></td>
<td><math>\begin{vmatrix} x & y \\ z & v
\end{vmatrix}</math></td>
</tr>
 
<tr>
<td><pre>\begin{Vmatrix}
x & y \\
z & v
\end{Vmatrix}</pre></td>
<td><math>\begin{Vmatrix} x & y \\ z & v
\end{Vmatrix}</math></td>
</tr>
 
<tr>
<td><pre>\begin{bmatrix}
0 & \cdots & 0 \\
\vdots & \ddots & \vdots \\
0 & \cdots & 0
\end{bmatrix}</pre></td>
<td><math>\begin{bmatrix} 0 & \cdots & 0 \\ \vdots
& \ddots & \vdots \\ 0 & \cdots &
& \ddots & \vdots \\ 0 & \cdots &
0\end{bmatrix} </math></td>
0\end{bmatrix} </math>
</tr>
|-
 
| <pre>\begin{Bmatrix}
<tr>
x & y \\
<td><pre>\begin{Bmatrix}
z & v
x & y \\
\end{Bmatrix}</pre>
z & v
| <math>\begin{Bmatrix} x & y \\ z & v
\end{Bmatrix}</pre></td>
\end{Bmatrix}</math>
<td><math>\begin{Bmatrix} x & y \\ z & v
|-
\end{Bmatrix}</math></td>
| <pre>\begin{pmatrix}
</tr>
x & y \\
 
z & v  
<tr>
\end{pmatrix}</pre>
<td><pre>\begin{pmatrix}
| <math>\begin{pmatrix} x & y \\ z & v
x & y \\
\end{pmatrix}</math>
z & v
|-
\end{pmatrix}</pre></td>
| <pre>
<td><math>\begin{pmatrix} x & y \\ z & v
\end{pmatrix}</math></td>
</tr>
 
<tr>
<td><pre>
\bigl( \begin{smallmatrix}
\bigl( \begin{smallmatrix}
a&b\\ c&d
a&b\\ c&d
\end{smallmatrix} \bigr)
\end{smallmatrix} \bigr)
</pre></td>
</pre>
<td><math>
| <math>
\bigl( \begin{smallmatrix}
\bigl( \begin{smallmatrix}
a&b\\ c&d
a&b\\ c&d
\end{smallmatrix} \bigr)
\end{smallmatrix} \bigr)
</math></td>
</math>
</tr>
|-
 
| Case distinctions
<tr>
| <pre>
<td>Case distinctions</td>
f(n) =
<td><pre>
\begin{cases}
f(n) =
n/2,  & \mbox{if }n\mbox{ is even} \\
3n+1, & \mbox{if }n\mbox{ is odd}
\end{cases}</pre>
| <math>f(n) =  
\begin{cases}
\begin{cases}
n/2, & \text{if }n\text{ is even} \\
n/2, & \mbox{if }n\mbox{ is even} \\  
3n+1, & \text{if }n\text{ is odd}
3n+1, & \mbox{if }n\mbox{ is odd}  
\end{cases}</pre></td>
\end{cases} </math>
<td><math>f(n) =
|-
\begin{cases}
| rowspan="2" | Multiline equations
n/2, & \text{if }n\text{ is even} \\
| <pre>
  3n+1, & \text{if }n\text{ is odd}
\end{cases} </math></td>
</tr>
 
<tr>
<td rowspan="2">Multiline equations</td>
<td><pre>
\begin{align}
\begin{align}
f(x) & = (a+b)^2 \\
f(x) & = (a+b)^2 \\
& = a^2+2ab+b^2 \\
& = a^2+2ab+b^2 \\
\end{align}
\end{align}
</pre></td>
</pre>
<td><math>
| <math>
\begin{align}
\begin{align}
f(x) & = (a+b)^2 \\
f(x) & = (a+b)^2 \\
& = a^2+2ab+b^2 \\
& = a^2+2ab+b^2 \\
\end{align}
\end{align}
</math></td>
</math>
</tr>
|-
 
| <pre>
<tr>
<td><pre>
\begin{alignat}{2}
\begin{alignat}{2}
f(x) & = (a-b)^2 \\
f(x) & = (a-b)^2 \\
& = a^2-2ab+b^2 \\
& = a^2-2ab+b^2 \\
\end{alignat}
\end{alignat}
</pre></td>
</pre>
<td><math>
| <math>
\begin{alignat}{2}
\begin{alignat}{2}
f(x) & = (a-b)^2 \\
f(x) & = (a-b)^2 \\
& = a^2-2ab+b^2 \\
& = a^2-2ab+b^2 \\
\end{alignat}
\end{alignat}
</math></td>
</math>
</tr>
|-
<tr>
| Multiline equations <small>(must define number of colums used ({lcr}) <small>(should not be used unless needed)</small></small>
<td>Multiline equations <small>(must define number of colums used ({lcr}) <small>(should not be used unless needed)</small></small></td>
| <pre>
<td><pre>
\begin{array}{lcl}
\begin{array}{lcl}
z & = & a \\
z       & = & a \\
f(x,y,z) & = & x + y + z
f(x,y,z) & = & x + y + z
\end{array}</pre></td>
\end{array}</pre>
<td><math>\begin{array}{lcl}
| <math>\begin{array}{lcl}
z & = & a \\
z       & = & a \\
f(x,y,z) & = & x + y + z
f(x,y,z) & = & x + y + z
\end{array}</math></td>
\end{array}</math>
</tr>
|-
 
| Multiline equations (more)
<tr>
| <pre>
<td>Multiline equations (more)</td>
<td><pre>
\begin{array}{lcr}
\begin{array}{lcr}
z & = & a \\
z       & = & a \\
f(x,y,z) & = & x + y + z
f(x,y,z) & = & x + y + z    
\end{array}</pre></td>
\end{array}</pre>
<td><math>\begin{array}{lcr}
| <math>\begin{array}{lcr}
z & = & a \\
z       & = & a \\
f(x,y,z) & = & x + y + z
f(x,y,z) & = & x + y + z    
\end{array}</math></td>
\end{array}</math>
</tr>
|-
 
| Breaking up a long expression so that it wraps when necessary.
<tr>
| <pre><nowiki><math>f(x) = \sum_{n=0}^\infty a_n x^n </math>
<td>Breaking up a long expression so that it wraps when necessary, at the expense of destroying correct spacing</td>
<math>= a_0+a_1x+a_2x^2+\cdots</math></nowiki></pre>
<td><pre>
| <math>f(x) = \sum_{n=0}^\infty a_n x^n </math><math>= a_0 +a_1x+a_2x^2+\cdots</math>
<nowiki>
|-
<math>f(x) \,\!</math>
| Simultaneous equations
<math>= \sum_{n=0}^\infty a_n x^n </math>
| <pre>\begin{cases}
<math>= a_0+a_1x+a_2x^2+\cdots</math>
3x + 5y + z \\
</nowiki>
7x - 2y + 4z \\
</pre>
-6x + 3y + 2z  
</td>
\end{cases}</pre>
<td>
| <math>\begin{cases} 3x + 5y + z \\ 7x - 2y + 4z \\ -6x + 3y + 2z \end{cases}</math>
<math>f(x) \,\!</math><math>= \sum_{n=0}^\infty a_n x^n </math><math>= a_0 +a_1x+a_2x^2+\cdots</math>
|-
</td>
| Arrays
</tr>
| <pre>
 
<tr>
<td>Simultaneous equations</td>
<td><pre>\begin{cases}
3x + 5y + z \\
7x - 2y + 4z \\
-6x + 3y + 2z
\end{cases}</pre></td>
<td><math>\begin{cases} 3x + 5y + z \\ 7x - 2y + 4z \\ -6x + 3y + 2z \end{cases}</math></td>
</tr>
 
<tr>
<td>Arrays</td>
<td><pre>
\begin{array}{|c|c||c|} a & b & S \\
\begin{array}{|c|c||c|} a & b & S \\
\hline
\hline
Zeile 895: Zeile 648:
1&1&0\\
1&1&0\\
\end{array}
\end{array}
</pre></td>
</pre>
<td><math>
| <math>
\begin{array}{|c|c||c|} a & b & S \\
\begin{array}{|c|c||c|} a & b & S \\
\hline
\hline
Zeile 904: Zeile 657:
1&1&0\\
1&1&0\\
\end{array}
\end{array}
</math></td>
</math>
</tr>
|}
</table>


=== Parenthesizing big expressions, brackets, bars ===
=== Parenthesizing big expressions, brackets, bars ===
Zeile 961: Zeile 713:
|-
|-
| Delimiters can be mixed,<br/>as long as \left and \right match
| Delimiters can be mixed,<br/>as long as \left and \right match
| <code><nowiki>\left [ 0,1 \right )</nowiki></code> <br/> <code><nowiki>\left \langle \psi \right |</nowiki></code>
| <code><nowiki>\left [ 0,1 \right )</code> <br/> <code>\left \langle \psi \right |</nowiki></code>
| <math>\left [ 0,1 \right )</math> <br/> <math>\left \langle \psi \right |</math>
| <math>\left [ 0,1 \right )</math> <br/> <math>\left \langle \psi \right |</math>
|-
|-
Zeile 990: Zeile 742:
| <math>\big / \Big / \bigg / \Bigg / \dots \Bigg\backslash \bigg\backslash \Big\backslash \big\backslash</math>
| <math>\big / \Big / \bigg / \Bigg / \dots \Bigg\backslash \bigg\backslash \Big\backslash \big\backslash</math>
|}
|}
=== Equation numbering ===
The templates {{tl|NumBlk}} and {{tl|EquationRef}} can be used to number equations. The template {{tl|EquationNote}} can be used to refer to a numbered equation from surrounding text. For example, the following syntax:
:<code><nowiki>{{NumBlk|:|<math>x^2 + y^2 + z^2 = 1 \,</math>|{{EquationRef|1}}}}</nowiki></code>
produces the following result (note the equation number in the right margin):
{{NumBlk|:|<math>x^2 + y^2 + z^2 = 1 \,</math>|{{EquationRef|1}}}}
Later on, the text can refer to this equation by its number using syntax like this:
:<code><nowiki>As seen in equation ({{EquationNote|1}}), blah blah blah...</nowiki></code>
The result looks like this:
:As seen in equation ({{EquationNote|1}}), blah blah blah...
Note that the equation number produced by {{tl|EquationNote}} is a link that the user can click to go immediately to the cited equation.


== Alphabets and typefaces ==  
== Alphabets and typefaces ==  
[[Texvc]] cannot render arbitrary [[Unicode]] characters. Those it can handle can be entered by the expressions below. For others, such as [[Cyrillic]], they can be entered as Unicode or HTML entities in running text, but cannot be used in displayed formulas.
[[w:Texvc|Texvc]] cannot render arbitrary [[w:Unicode|Unicode]] characters. Those it can handle can be entered by the expressions below.
For others, such as [[w:Cyrillic|Cyrillic]], they can be entered as Unicode or HTML entities in running text, but cannot be used in displayed formulas.


{|class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="2" | Greek alphabet
|-
|-
!colspan="2"| Greek alphabet
|<code><nowiki>\Alpha \Beta \Gamma \Delta \Epsilon \Zeta</nowiki></code>
|<math>\Alpha \Beta \Gamma \Delta \Epsilon \Zeta \,\!</math>
|-
|-
|<code><nowiki>\Alpha \Beta \Gamma \Delta \Epsilon \Zeta </nowiki></code>
|<code><nowiki>\Eta \Theta \Iota \Kappa \Lambda \Mu</nowiki></code>
|<math>\Alpha \Beta \Gamma \Delta \Epsilon \Zeta \!</math>
|<math>\Eta \Theta \Iota \Kappa \Lambda \Mu \,\!</math>
|-
|-
|<code><nowiki>\Eta \Theta \Iota \Kappa \Lambda \Mu </nowiki></code>
|<code><nowiki>\Nu \Xi \Pi \Rho \Sigma \Tau</nowiki></code>
|<math>\Eta \Theta \Iota \Kappa \Lambda \Mu \!</math>
|<math>\Nu \Xi \Pi \Rho \Sigma \Tau\,\!</math>
|-
|-
|<code><nowiki>\Nu \Xi \Pi \Rho \Sigma \Tau </nowiki></code>
|<code><nowiki>\Upsilon \Phi \Chi \Psi \Omega</nowiki></code>
|<math>\Nu \Xi \Pi \Rho \Sigma \Tau \!</math>
|<math>\Upsilon \Phi \Chi \Psi \Omega \,\!</math>
|-
|-
|<code><nowiki>\Upsilon \Phi \Chi \Psi \Omega </nowiki></code>
|<code><nowiki>\alpha \beta \gamma \delta \epsilon \zeta</nowiki></code>
|<math>\Upsilon \Phi \Chi \Psi \Omega \!</math>
|<math>\alpha \beta \gamma \delta \epsilon \zeta \,\!</math>
|-
|-
|<code><nowiki>\alpha \beta \gamma \delta \epsilon \zeta </nowiki></code>
|<code><nowiki>\eta \theta \iota \kappa \lambda \mu</nowiki></code>
|<math>\alpha \beta \gamma \delta \epsilon \zeta \!</math>
|<math>\eta \theta \iota \kappa \lambda \mu \,\!</math>
|-
|-
|<code><nowiki>\eta \theta \iota \kappa \lambda \mu </nowiki></code>
|<code><nowiki>\nu \xi \pi \rho \sigma \tau</nowiki></code>
|<math>\eta \theta \iota \kappa \lambda \mu \!</math>
|<math>\nu \xi \pi \rho \sigma \tau \,\!</math>
|-
|-
|<code><nowiki>\nu \xi \pi \rho \sigma \tau </nowiki></code>
|<code><nowiki>\upsilon \phi \chi \psi \omega</nowiki></code>
|<math>\nu \xi \pi \rho \sigma \tau \!</math>
|<math>\upsilon \phi \chi \psi \omega \,\!</math>
|-
|-
|<code><nowiki>\upsilon \phi \chi \psi \omega </nowiki></code>
|<code><nowiki>\varepsilon \digamma \vartheta \varkappa</nowiki></code>
|<math>\upsilon \phi \chi \psi \omega \!</math>
|<math>\varepsilon \digamma \vartheta \varkappa \,\!</math>
|-
|-
|<code><nowiki>\varepsilon \digamma \varkappa \varpi </nowiki></code>
|<code><nowiki>\varpi \varrho \varsigma \varphi</nowiki></code>
|<math>\varepsilon \digamma \varkappa \varpi \!</math>
|<math>\varpi \varrho \varsigma \varphi\,\!</math>
|-
|-
|<code><nowiki>\varrho \varsigma \vartheta \varphi </nowiki></code>
! colspan="2" | Blackboard Bold/Scripts
|<math>\varrho \varsigma \vartheta \varphi \!</math>
|-
|-
!colspan="2"| Blackboard bold/scripts
|<code><nowiki>\mathbb{A} \mathbb{B} \mathbb{C} \mathbb{D} \mathbb{E} \mathbb{F} \mathbb{G}</nowiki></code>
|<math>\mathbb{A} \mathbb{B} \mathbb{C} \mathbb{D} \mathbb{E} \mathbb{F} \mathbb{G} \,\!</math>
|-
|-
|<code><nowiki>\mathbb{A} \mathbb{B} \mathbb{C} \mathbb{D} \mathbb{E} \mathbb{F} \mathbb{G} </nowiki></code>
|<code><nowiki>\mathbb{H} \mathbb{I} \mathbb{J} \mathbb{K} \mathbb{L} \mathbb{M}</nowiki></code>
|<math>\mathbb{A} \mathbb{B} \mathbb{C} \mathbb{D} \mathbb{E} \mathbb{F} \mathbb{G} \!</math>
|<math>\mathbb{H} \mathbb{I} \mathbb{J} \mathbb{K} \mathbb{L} \mathbb{M} \,\!</math>
|-
|-
|<code><nowiki>\mathbb{H} \mathbb{I} \mathbb{J} \mathbb{K} \mathbb{L} \mathbb{M} </nowiki></code>
|<code><nowiki>\mathbb{N} \mathbb{O} \mathbb{P} \mathbb{Q} \mathbb{R} \mathbb{S} \mathbb{T}</nowiki></code>
|<math>\mathbb{H} \mathbb{I} \mathbb{J} \mathbb{K} \mathbb{L} \mathbb{M} \!</math>
|<math>\mathbb{N} \mathbb{O} \mathbb{P} \mathbb{Q} \mathbb{R} \mathbb{S} \mathbb{T} \,\!</math>
|-
|-
|<code><nowiki>\mathbb{N} \mathbb{O} \mathbb{P} \mathbb{Q} \mathbb{R} \mathbb{S} \mathbb{T} </nowiki></code>
|<code><nowiki>\mathbb{U} \mathbb{V} \mathbb{W} \mathbb{X} \mathbb{Y} \mathbb{Z}</nowiki></code>
|<math>\mathbb{N} \mathbb{O} \mathbb{P} \mathbb{Q} \mathbb{R} \mathbb{S} \mathbb{T} \!</math>
|<math>\mathbb{U} \mathbb{V} \mathbb{W} \mathbb{X} \mathbb{Y} \mathbb{Z}\,\!</math>
|-
|-
|<code><nowiki>\mathbb{U} \mathbb{V} \mathbb{W} \mathbb{X} \mathbb{Y} \mathbb{Z} </nowiki></code>
| <code><nowiki>\C \N \Q \R \Z</nowiki></code>
|<math>\mathbb{U} \mathbb{V} \mathbb{W} \mathbb{X} \mathbb{Y} \mathbb{Z} \!</math>
|<math>\C \N \Q \R \Z</math>
|-
|-
!colspan="2"| Boldface
! colspan="2" | boldface (vectors)
|-
|-
|<code><nowiki>\mathbf{A} \mathbf{B} \mathbf{C} \mathbf{D} \mathbf{E} \mathbf{F} \mathbf{G} </nowiki></code>
|<code><nowiki>\mathbf{A} \mathbf{B} \mathbf{C} \mathbf{D} \mathbf{E} \mathbf{F} \mathbf{G}</nowiki></code>
|<math>\mathbf{A} \mathbf{B} \mathbf{C} \mathbf{D} \mathbf{E} \mathbf{F} \mathbf{G} \!</math>
|<math>\mathbf{A} \mathbf{B} \mathbf{C} \mathbf{D} \mathbf{E} \mathbf{F} \mathbf{G} \,\!</math>
|-
|-
|<code><nowiki>\mathbf{H} \mathbf{I} \mathbf{J} \mathbf{K} \mathbf{L} \mathbf{M} </nowiki></code>
|<code><nowiki>\mathbf{H} \mathbf{I} \mathbf{J} \mathbf{K} \mathbf{L} \mathbf{M}</nowiki></code>
|<math>\mathbf{H} \mathbf{I} \mathbf{J} \mathbf{K} \mathbf{L} \mathbf{M} \!</math>
|<math>\mathbf{H} \mathbf{I} \mathbf{J} \mathbf{K} \mathbf{L} \mathbf{M} \,\!</math>
|-
|-
|<code><nowiki>\mathbf{N} \mathbf{O} \mathbf{P} \mathbf{Q} \mathbf{R} \mathbf{S} \mathbf{T} </nowiki></code>
|<code><nowiki>\mathbf{N} \mathbf{O} \mathbf{P} \mathbf{Q} \mathbf{R} \mathbf{S} \mathbf{T}</nowiki></code>
|<math>\mathbf{N} \mathbf{O} \mathbf{P} \mathbf{Q} \mathbf{R} \mathbf{S} \mathbf{T} \!</math>
|<math>\mathbf{N} \mathbf{O} \mathbf{P} \mathbf{Q} \mathbf{R} \mathbf{S} \mathbf{T} \,\!</math>
|-
|-
|<code><nowiki>\mathbf{U} \mathbf{V} \mathbf{W} \mathbf{X} \mathbf{Y} \mathbf{Z} </nowiki></code>
|<code><nowiki>\mathbf{U} \mathbf{V} \mathbf{W} \mathbf{X} \mathbf{Y} \mathbf{Z}</nowiki></code>
|<math>\mathbf{U} \mathbf{V} \mathbf{W} \mathbf{X} \mathbf{Y} \mathbf{Z} \!</math>
|<math>\mathbf{U} \mathbf{V} \mathbf{W} \mathbf{X} \mathbf{Y} \mathbf{Z} \,\!</math>
|-
|-
|<code><nowiki>\mathbf{a} \mathbf{b} \mathbf{c} \mathbf{d} \mathbf{e} \mathbf{f} \mathbf{g} </nowiki></code>
|<code><nowiki>\mathbf{a} \mathbf{b} \mathbf{c} \mathbf{d} \mathbf{e} \mathbf{f} \mathbf{g}</nowiki></code>
|<math>\mathbf{a} \mathbf{b} \mathbf{c} \mathbf{d} \mathbf{e} \mathbf{f} \mathbf{g} \!</math>
|<math>\mathbf{a} \mathbf{b} \mathbf{c} \mathbf{d} \mathbf{e} \mathbf{f} \mathbf{g} \,\!</math>
|-
|-
|<code><nowiki>\mathbf{h} \mathbf{i} \mathbf{j} \mathbf{k} \mathbf{l} \mathbf{m} </nowiki></code>
|<code><nowiki>\mathbf{h} \mathbf{i} \mathbf{j} \mathbf{k} \mathbf{l} \mathbf{m}</nowiki></code>
|<math>\mathbf{h} \mathbf{i} \mathbf{j} \mathbf{k} \mathbf{l} \mathbf{m} \!</math>
|<math>\mathbf{h} \mathbf{i} \mathbf{j} \mathbf{k} \mathbf{l} \mathbf{m} \,\!</math>
|-
|-
|<code><nowiki>\mathbf{n} \mathbf{o} \mathbf{p} \mathbf{q} \mathbf{r} \mathbf{s} \mathbf{t} </nowiki></code>
|<code><nowiki>\mathbf{n} \mathbf{o} \mathbf{p} \mathbf{q} \mathbf{r} \mathbf{s} \mathbf{t}</nowiki></code>
|<math>\mathbf{n} \mathbf{o} \mathbf{p} \mathbf{q} \mathbf{r} \mathbf{s} \mathbf{t} \!</math>
|<math>\mathbf{n} \mathbf{o} \mathbf{p} \mathbf{q} \mathbf{r} \mathbf{s} \mathbf{t} \,\!</math>
|-
|-
|<code><nowiki>\mathbf{u} \mathbf{v} \mathbf{w} \mathbf{x} \mathbf{y} \mathbf{z} </nowiki></code>
|<code><nowiki>\mathbf{u} \mathbf{v} \mathbf{w} \mathbf{x} \mathbf{y} \mathbf{z}</nowiki></code>
|<math>\mathbf{u} \mathbf{v} \mathbf{w} \mathbf{x} \mathbf{y} \mathbf{z} \!</math>
|<math>\mathbf{u} \mathbf{v} \mathbf{w} \mathbf{x} \mathbf{y} \mathbf{z} \,\!</math>
|-
|-
|<code><nowiki>\mathbf{0} \mathbf{1} \mathbf{2} \mathbf{3} \mathbf{4} </nowiki></code>
|<code><nowiki>\mathbf{0} \mathbf{1} \mathbf{2} \mathbf{3} \mathbf{4}</nowiki></code>
|<math>\mathbf{0} \mathbf{1} \mathbf{2} \mathbf{3} \mathbf{4} \!</math>
|<math>\mathbf{0} \mathbf{1} \mathbf{2} \mathbf{3} \mathbf{4} \,\!</math>
|-
|-
|<code><nowiki>\mathbf{5} \mathbf{6} \mathbf{7} \mathbf{8} \mathbf{9} </nowiki></code>
|<code><nowiki>\mathbf{5} \mathbf{6} \mathbf{7} \mathbf{8} \mathbf{9}</nowiki></code>
|<math>\mathbf{5} \mathbf{6} \mathbf{7} \mathbf{8} \mathbf{9} \!</math>
|<math>\mathbf{5} \mathbf{6} \mathbf{7} \mathbf{8} \mathbf{9}\,\!</math>
|-
|-
!colspan="2"| Boldface (Greek)
! colspan="2" | Boldface (greek)
|-
|-
|<code><nowiki>\boldsymbol{\Alpha} \boldsymbol{\Beta} \boldsymbol{\Gamma} \boldsymbol{\Delta} \boldsymbol{\Epsilon} \boldsymbol{\Zeta} </nowiki></code>
|<code><nowiki>\boldsymbol{\Alpha} \boldsymbol{\Beta} \boldsymbol{\Gamma} \boldsymbol{\Delta} \boldsymbol{\Epsilon} \boldsymbol{\Zeta}</nowiki></code>
|<math>\boldsymbol{\Alpha} \boldsymbol{\Beta} \boldsymbol{\Gamma} \boldsymbol{\Delta} \boldsymbol{\Epsilon} \boldsymbol{\Zeta} \!</math>
|<math>\boldsymbol{\Alpha} \boldsymbol{\Beta} \boldsymbol{\Gamma} \boldsymbol{\Delta} \boldsymbol{\Epsilon} \boldsymbol{\Zeta} \,\!</math>
|-
|-
|<code><nowiki>\boldsymbol{\Eta} \boldsymbol{\Theta} \boldsymbol{\Iota} \boldsymbol{\Kappa} \boldsymbol{\Lambda} \boldsymbol{\Mu} </nowiki></code>
|<code><nowiki>\boldsymbol{\Eta} \boldsymbol{\Theta} \boldsymbol{\Iota} \boldsymbol{\Kappa} \boldsymbol{\Lambda} \boldsymbol{\Mu}</nowiki></code>
|<math>\boldsymbol{\Eta} \boldsymbol{\Theta} \boldsymbol{\Iota} \boldsymbol{\Kappa} \boldsymbol{\Lambda} \boldsymbol{\Mu} \!</math>
|<math>\boldsymbol{\Eta} \boldsymbol{\Theta} \boldsymbol{\Iota} \boldsymbol{\Kappa} \boldsymbol{\Lambda} \boldsymbol{\Mu}\,\!</math>
|-
|-
|<code><nowiki>\boldsymbol{\Nu} \boldsymbol{\Xi} \boldsymbol{\Pi} \boldsymbol{\Rho} \boldsymbol{\Sigma} \boldsymbol{\Tau} </nowiki></code>
|<code><nowiki>\boldsymbol{\Nu} \boldsymbol{\Xi} \boldsymbol{\Pi} \boldsymbol{\Rho} \boldsymbol{\Sigma} \boldsymbol{\Tau}</nowiki></code>
|<math>\boldsymbol{\Nu} \boldsymbol{\Xi} \boldsymbol{\Pi} \boldsymbol{\Rho} \boldsymbol{\Sigma} \boldsymbol{\Tau} \!</math>
|<math>\boldsymbol{\Nu} \boldsymbol{\Xi} \boldsymbol{\Pi} \boldsymbol{\Rho} \boldsymbol{\Sigma} \boldsymbol{\Tau}\,\!</math>
|-
|-
|<code><nowiki>\boldsymbol{\Upsilon} \boldsymbol{\Phi} \boldsymbol{\Chi} \boldsymbol{\Psi} \boldsymbol{\Omega} </nowiki></code>
|<code><nowiki>\boldsymbol{\Upsilon} \boldsymbol{\Phi} \boldsymbol{\Chi} \boldsymbol{\Psi} \boldsymbol{\Omega}</nowiki></code>
|<math>\boldsymbol{\Upsilon} \boldsymbol{\Phi} \boldsymbol{\Chi} \boldsymbol{\Psi} \boldsymbol{\Omega} \!</math>
|<math>\boldsymbol{\Upsilon} \boldsymbol{\Phi} \boldsymbol{\Chi} \boldsymbol{\Psi} \boldsymbol{\Omega}\,\!</math>
|-
|-
|<code><nowiki>\boldsymbol{\alpha} \boldsymbol{\beta} \boldsymbol{\gamma} \boldsymbol{\delta} \boldsymbol{\epsilon} \boldsymbol{\zeta} </nowiki></code>
|<code><nowiki>\boldsymbol{\alpha} \boldsymbol{\beta} \boldsymbol{\gamma} \boldsymbol{\delta} \boldsymbol{\epsilon} \boldsymbol{\zeta}</nowiki></code>
|<math>\boldsymbol{\alpha} \boldsymbol{\beta} \boldsymbol{\gamma} \boldsymbol{\delta} \boldsymbol{\epsilon} \boldsymbol{\zeta} \!</math>
|<math>\boldsymbol{\alpha} \boldsymbol{\beta} \boldsymbol{\gamma} \boldsymbol{\delta} \boldsymbol{\epsilon} \boldsymbol{\zeta}\,\!</math>
|-
|-
|<code><nowiki>\boldsymbol{\eta} \boldsymbol{\theta} \boldsymbol{\iota} \boldsymbol{\kappa} \boldsymbol{\lambda} \boldsymbol{\mu} </nowiki></code>
|<code><nowiki>\boldsymbol{\eta} \boldsymbol{\theta} \boldsymbol{\iota} \boldsymbol{\kappa} \boldsymbol{\lambda} \boldsymbol{\mu}</nowiki></code>
|<math>\boldsymbol{\eta} \boldsymbol{\theta} \boldsymbol{\iota} \boldsymbol{\kappa} \boldsymbol{\lambda} \boldsymbol{\mu} \!</math>
|<math>\boldsymbol{\eta} \boldsymbol{\theta} \boldsymbol{\iota} \boldsymbol{\kappa} \boldsymbol{\lambda} \boldsymbol{\mu}\,\!</math>
|-
|-
|<code><nowiki>\boldsymbol{\nu} \boldsymbol{\xi} \boldsymbol{\pi} \boldsymbol{\rho} \boldsymbol{\sigma} \boldsymbol{\tau} </nowiki></code>
|<code><nowiki>\boldsymbol{\nu} \boldsymbol{\xi} \boldsymbol{\pi} \boldsymbol{\rho} \boldsymbol{\sigma} \boldsymbol{\tau}</nowiki></code>
|<math>\boldsymbol{\nu} \boldsymbol{\xi} \boldsymbol{\pi} \boldsymbol{\rho} \boldsymbol{\sigma} \boldsymbol{\tau} \!</math>
|<math>\boldsymbol{\nu} \boldsymbol{\xi} \boldsymbol{\pi} \boldsymbol{\rho} \boldsymbol{\sigma} \boldsymbol{\tau}\,\!</math>
|-
|-
|<code><nowiki>\boldsymbol{\upsilon} \boldsymbol{\phi} \boldsymbol{\chi} \boldsymbol{\psi} \boldsymbol{\omega} </nowiki></code>
|<code><nowiki>\boldsymbol{\upsilon} \boldsymbol{\phi} \boldsymbol{\chi} \boldsymbol{\psi} \boldsymbol{\omega}</nowiki></code>
|<math>\boldsymbol{\upsilon} \boldsymbol{\phi} \boldsymbol{\chi} \boldsymbol{\psi} \boldsymbol{\omega} \!</math>
|<math>\boldsymbol{\upsilon} \boldsymbol{\phi} \boldsymbol{\chi} \boldsymbol{\psi} \boldsymbol{\omega}\,\!</math>
|-
|-
|<code><nowiki>\boldsymbol{\varepsilon} \boldsymbol{\digamma} \boldsymbol{\varkappa} \boldsymbol{\varpi} </nowiki></code>
|<code><nowiki>\boldsymbol{\varepsilon} \boldsymbol{\digamma} \boldsymbol{\vartheta} \boldsymbol{\varkappa}</nowiki></code>
|<math>\boldsymbol{\varepsilon} \boldsymbol{\digamma} \boldsymbol{\varkappa} \boldsymbol{\varpi} \!</math>
|<math>\boldsymbol{\varepsilon} \boldsymbol{\digamma} \boldsymbol{\vartheta} \boldsymbol{\varkappa} \,\!</math>
|-
|-
|<code><nowiki>\boldsymbol{\varrho} \boldsymbol{\varsigma} \boldsymbol{\vartheta} \boldsymbol{\varphi} </nowiki></code>
|<code><nowiki>\boldsymbol{\varpi} \boldsymbol{\varrho} \boldsymbol{\varsigma} \boldsymbol{\varphi}</nowiki></code>
|<math>\boldsymbol{\varrho} \boldsymbol{\varsigma} \boldsymbol{\vartheta} \boldsymbol{\varphi} \!</math>
|<math>\boldsymbol{\varpi} \boldsymbol{\varrho} \boldsymbol{\varsigma} \boldsymbol{\varphi}\,\!</math>
|-
|-
!colspan="2"| Italics
! colspan="2" | Italics
|-
|-
|<code><nowiki>\mathit{A} \mathit{B} \mathit{C} \mathit{D} \mathit{E} \mathit{F} \mathit{G} </nowiki></code>
|<code><nowiki>\mathit{A} \mathit{B} \mathit{C} \mathit{D} \mathit{E} \mathit{F} \mathit{G}</nowiki></code>
|<math>\mathit{A} \mathit{B} \mathit{C} \mathit{D} \mathit{E} \mathit{F} \mathit{G} \!</math>
|<math>\mathit{A} \mathit{B} \mathit{C} \mathit{D} \mathit{E} \mathit{F} \mathit{G} \,\!</math>
|-
|-
|<code><nowiki>\mathit{H} \mathit{I} \mathit{J} \mathit{K} \mathit{L} \mathit{M} </nowiki></code>
|<code><nowiki>\mathit{H} \mathit{I} \mathit{J} \mathit{K} \mathit{L} \mathit{M}</nowiki></code>
|<math>\mathit{H} \mathit{I} \mathit{J} \mathit{K} \mathit{L} \mathit{M} \!</math>
|<math>\mathit{H} \mathit{I} \mathit{J} \mathit{K} \mathit{L} \mathit{M} \,\!</math>
|-
|-
|<code><nowiki>\mathit{N} \mathit{O} \mathit{P} \mathit{Q} \mathit{R} \mathit{S} \mathit{T} </nowiki></code>
|<code><nowiki>\mathit{N} \mathit{O} \mathit{P} \mathit{Q} \mathit{R} \mathit{S} \mathit{T}</nowiki></code>
|<math>\mathit{N} \mathit{O} \mathit{P} \mathit{Q} \mathit{R} \mathit{S} \mathit{T} \!</math>
|<math>\mathit{N} \mathit{O} \mathit{P} \mathit{Q} \mathit{R} \mathit{S} \mathit{T} \,\!</math>
|-
|-
|<code><nowiki>\mathit{U} \mathit{V} \mathit{W} \mathit{X} \mathit{Y} \mathit{Z} </nowiki></code>
|<code><nowiki>\mathit{U} \mathit{V} \mathit{W} \mathit{X} \mathit{Y} \mathit{Z}</nowiki></code>
|<math>\mathit{U} \mathit{V} \mathit{W} \mathit{X} \mathit{Y} \mathit{Z} \!</math>
|<math>\mathit{U} \mathit{V} \mathit{W} \mathit{X} \mathit{Y} \mathit{Z} \,\!</math>
|-
|-
|<code><nowiki>\mathit{a} \mathit{b} \mathit{c} \mathit{d} \mathit{e} \mathit{f} \mathit{g} </nowiki></code>
|<code><nowiki>\mathit{a} \mathit{b} \mathit{c} \mathit{d} \mathit{e} \mathit{f} \mathit{g}</nowiki></code>
|<math>\mathit{a} \mathit{b} \mathit{c} \mathit{d} \mathit{e} \mathit{f} \mathit{g} \!</math>
|<math>\mathit{a} \mathit{b} \mathit{c} \mathit{d} \mathit{e} \mathit{f} \mathit{g} \,\!</math>
|-
|-
|<code><nowiki>\mathit{h} \mathit{i} \mathit{j} \mathit{k} \mathit{l} \mathit{m} </nowiki></code>
|<code><nowiki>\mathit{h} \mathit{i} \mathit{j} \mathit{k} \mathit{l} \mathit{m}</nowiki></code>
|<math>\mathit{h} \mathit{i} \mathit{j} \mathit{k} \mathit{l} \mathit{m} \!</math>
|<math>\mathit{h} \mathit{i} \mathit{j} \mathit{k} \mathit{l} \mathit{m} \,\!</math>
|-
|-
|<code><nowiki>\mathit{n} \mathit{o} \mathit{p} \mathit{q} \mathit{r} \mathit{s} \mathit{t} </nowiki></code>
|<code><nowiki>\mathit{n} \mathit{o} \mathit{p} \mathit{q} \mathit{r} \mathit{s} \mathit{t}</nowiki></code>
|<math>\mathit{n} \mathit{o} \mathit{p} \mathit{q} \mathit{r} \mathit{s} \mathit{t} \!</math>
|<math>\mathit{n} \mathit{o} \mathit{p} \mathit{q} \mathit{r} \mathit{s} \mathit{t} \,\!</math>
|-
|-
|<code><nowiki>\mathit{u} \mathit{v} \mathit{w} \mathit{x} \mathit{y} \mathit{z} </nowiki></code>
|<code><nowiki>\mathit{u} \mathit{v} \mathit{w} \mathit{x} \mathit{y} \mathit{z}</nowiki></code>
|<math>\mathit{u} \mathit{v} \mathit{w} \mathit{x} \mathit{y} \mathit{z} \!</math>
|<math>\mathit{u} \mathit{v} \mathit{w} \mathit{x} \mathit{y} \mathit{z} \,\!</math>
|-
|-
|<code><nowiki>\mathit{0} \mathit{1} \mathit{2} \mathit{3} \mathit{4} </nowiki></code>
|<code><nowiki>\mathit{0} \mathit{1} \mathit{2} \mathit{3} \mathit{4}</nowiki></code>
|<math>\mathit{0} \mathit{1} \mathit{2} \mathit{3} \mathit{4} \!</math>
|<math>\mathit{0} \mathit{1} \mathit{2} \mathit{3} \mathit{4} \,\!</math>
|-
|-
|<code><nowiki>\mathit{5} \mathit{6} \mathit{7} \mathit{8} \mathit{9} </nowiki></code>
|<code><nowiki>\mathit{5} \mathit{6} \mathit{7} \mathit{8} \mathit{9}</nowiki></code>
|<math>\mathit{5} \mathit{6} \mathit{7} \mathit{8} \mathit{9} \!</math>
|<math>\mathit{5} \mathit{6} \mathit{7} \mathit{8} \mathit{9}\,\!</math>
|-
|-
!colspan="2"| Roman typeface
! colspan="2" | Roman typeface
|-
|-
|<code><nowiki>\mathrm{A} \mathrm{B} \mathrm{C} \mathrm{D} \mathrm{E} \mathrm{F} \mathrm{G} </nowiki></code>
|<code><nowiki>\mathrm{A} \mathrm{B} \mathrm{C} \mathrm{D} \mathrm{E} \mathrm{F} \mathrm{G}</nowiki></code>
|<math>\mathrm{A} \mathrm{B} \mathrm{C} \mathrm{D} \mathrm{E} \mathrm{F} \mathrm{G} \!</math>
|<math>\mathrm{A} \mathrm{B} \mathrm{C} \mathrm{D} \mathrm{E} \mathrm{F} \mathrm{G} \,\!</math>
|-
|-
|<code><nowiki>\mathrm{H} \mathrm{I} \mathrm{J} \mathrm{K} \mathrm{L} \mathrm{M} </nowiki></code>
|<code><nowiki>\mathrm{H} \mathrm{I} \mathrm{J} \mathrm{K} \mathrm{L} \mathrm{M}</nowiki></code>
|<math>\mathrm{H} \mathrm{I} \mathrm{J} \mathrm{K} \mathrm{L} \mathrm{M} \!</math>
|<math>\mathrm{H} \mathrm{I} \mathrm{J} \mathrm{K} \mathrm{L} \mathrm{M} \,\!</math>
|-
|-
|<code><nowiki>\mathrm{N} \mathrm{O} \mathrm{P} \mathrm{Q} \mathrm{R} \mathrm{S} \mathrm{T} </nowiki></code>
|<code><nowiki>\mathrm{N} \mathrm{O} \mathrm{P} \mathrm{Q} \mathrm{R} \mathrm{S} \mathrm{T}</nowiki></code>
|<math>\mathrm{N} \mathrm{O} \mathrm{P} \mathrm{Q} \mathrm{R} \mathrm{S} \mathrm{T} \!</math>
|<math>\mathrm{N} \mathrm{O} \mathrm{P} \mathrm{Q} \mathrm{R} \mathrm{S} \mathrm{T} \,\!</math>
|-
|-
|<code><nowiki>\mathrm{U} \mathrm{V} \mathrm{W} \mathrm{X} \mathrm{Y} \mathrm{Z} </nowiki></code>
|<code><nowiki>\mathrm{U} \mathrm{V} \mathrm{W} \mathrm{X} \mathrm{Y} \mathrm{Z}</nowiki></code>
|<math>\mathrm{U} \mathrm{V} \mathrm{W} \mathrm{X} \mathrm{Y} \mathrm{Z} \!</math>
|<math>\mathrm{U} \mathrm{V} \mathrm{W} \mathrm{X} \mathrm{Y} \mathrm{Z} \,\!</math>
|-
|-
|<code><nowiki>\mathrm{a} \mathrm{b} \mathrm{c} \mathrm{d} \mathrm{e} \mathrm{f} \mathrm{g} </nowiki></code>
|<code><nowiki>\mathrm{a} \mathrm{b} \mathrm{c} \mathrm{d} \mathrm{e} \mathrm{f} \mathrm{g}</nowiki></code>
|<math>\mathrm{a} \mathrm{b} \mathrm{c} \mathrm{d} \mathrm{e} \mathrm{f} \mathrm{g} \!</math>
|<math>\mathrm{a} \mathrm{b} \mathrm{c} \mathrm{d} \mathrm{e} \mathrm{f} \mathrm{g}\,\!</math>
|-
|-
|<code><nowiki>\mathrm{h} \mathrm{i} \mathrm{j} \mathrm{k} \mathrm{l} \mathrm{m} </nowiki></code>
|<code><nowiki>\mathrm{h} \mathrm{i} \mathrm{j} \mathrm{k} \mathrm{l} \mathrm{m}</nowiki></code>
|<math>\mathrm{h} \mathrm{i} \mathrm{j} \mathrm{k} \mathrm{l} \mathrm{m} \!</math>
|<math>\mathrm{h} \mathrm{i} \mathrm{j} \mathrm{k} \mathrm{l} \mathrm{m} \,\!</math>
|-
|-
|<code><nowiki>\mathrm{n} \mathrm{o} \mathrm{p} \mathrm{q} \mathrm{r} \mathrm{s} \mathrm{t} </nowiki></code>
|<code><nowiki>\mathrm{n} \mathrm{o} \mathrm{p} \mathrm{q} \mathrm{r} \mathrm{s} \mathrm{t}</nowiki></code>
|<math>\mathrm{n} \mathrm{o} \mathrm{p} \mathrm{q} \mathrm{r} \mathrm{s} \mathrm{t} \!</math>
|<math>\mathrm{n} \mathrm{o} \mathrm{p} \mathrm{q} \mathrm{r} \mathrm{s} \mathrm{t} \,\!</math>
|-
|-
|<code><nowiki>\mathrm{u} \mathrm{v} \mathrm{w} \mathrm{x} \mathrm{y} \mathrm{z} </nowiki></code>
|<code><nowiki>\mathrm{u} \mathrm{v} \mathrm{w} \mathrm{x} \mathrm{y} \mathrm{z}</nowiki></code>
|<math>\mathrm{u} \mathrm{v} \mathrm{w} \mathrm{x} \mathrm{y} \mathrm{z} \!</math>
|<math>\mathrm{u} \mathrm{v} \mathrm{w} \mathrm{x} \mathrm{y} \mathrm{z} \,\!</math>
|-
|-
|<code><nowiki>\mathrm{0} \mathrm{1} \mathrm{2} \mathrm{3} \mathrm{4} </nowiki></code>
|<code><nowiki>\mathrm{0} \mathrm{1} \mathrm{2} \mathrm{3} \mathrm{4}</nowiki></code>
|<math>\mathrm{0} \mathrm{1} \mathrm{2} \mathrm{3} \mathrm{4} \!</math>
|<math>\mathrm{0} \mathrm{1} \mathrm{2} \mathrm{3} \mathrm{4} \,\!</math>
|-
|-
|<code><nowiki>\mathrm{5} \mathrm{6} \mathrm{7} \mathrm{8} \mathrm{9} </nowiki></code>
|<code><nowiki>\mathrm{5} \mathrm{6} \mathrm{7} \mathrm{8} \mathrm{9}</nowiki></code>
|<math>\mathrm{5} \mathrm{6} \mathrm{7} \mathrm{8} \mathrm{9} \!</math>
|<math>\mathrm{5} \mathrm{6} \mathrm{7} \mathrm{8} \mathrm{9}\,\!</math>
|-
|-
!colspan="2"| Fraktur typeface
! colspan="2" | Fraktur typeface
|-
|-
|<code><nowiki>\mathfrak{A} \mathfrak{B} \mathfrak{C} \mathfrak{D} \mathfrak{E} \mathfrak{F} \mathfrak{G} </nowiki></code>
|<code><nowiki>\mathfrak{A} \mathfrak{B} \mathfrak{C} \mathfrak{D} \mathfrak{E} \mathfrak{F} \mathfrak{G}</nowiki></code>
|<math>\mathfrak{A} \mathfrak{B} \mathfrak{C} \mathfrak{D} \mathfrak{E} \mathfrak{F} \mathfrak{G} \!</math>
|<math>\mathfrak{A} \mathfrak{B} \mathfrak{C} \mathfrak{D} \mathfrak{E} \mathfrak{F} \mathfrak{G} \,\!</math>
|-
|-
|<code><nowiki>\mathfrak{H} \mathfrak{I} \mathfrak{J} \mathfrak{K} \mathfrak{L} \mathfrak{M} </nowiki></code>
|<code><nowiki>\mathfrak{H} \mathfrak{I} \mathfrak{J} \mathfrak{K} \mathfrak{L} \mathfrak{M}</nowiki></code>
|<math>\mathfrak{H} \mathfrak{I} \mathfrak{J} \mathfrak{K} \mathfrak{L} \mathfrak{M} \!</math>
|<math>\mathfrak{H} \mathfrak{I} \mathfrak{J} \mathfrak{K} \mathfrak{L} \mathfrak{M} \,\!</math>
|-
|-
|<code><nowiki>\mathfrak{N} \mathfrak{O} \mathfrak{P} \mathfrak{Q} \mathfrak{R} \mathfrak{S} \mathfrak{T} </nowiki></code>
|<code><nowiki>\mathfrak{N} \mathfrak{O} \mathfrak{P} \mathfrak{Q} \mathfrak{R} \mathfrak{S} \mathfrak{T}</nowiki></code>
|<math>\mathfrak{N} \mathfrak{O} \mathfrak{P} \mathfrak{Q} \mathfrak{R} \mathfrak{S} \mathfrak{T} \!</math>
|<math>\mathfrak{N} \mathfrak{O} \mathfrak{P} \mathfrak{Q} \mathfrak{R} \mathfrak{S} \mathfrak{T} \,\!</math>
|-
|-
|<code><nowiki>\mathfrak{U} \mathfrak{V} \mathfrak{W} \mathfrak{X} \mathfrak{Y} \mathfrak{Z} </nowiki></code>
|<code><nowiki>\mathfrak{U} \mathfrak{V} \mathfrak{W} \mathfrak{X} \mathfrak{Y} \mathfrak{Z}</nowiki></code>
|<math>\mathfrak{U} \mathfrak{V} \mathfrak{W} \mathfrak{X} \mathfrak{Y} \mathfrak{Z} \!</math>
|<math>\mathfrak{U} \mathfrak{V} \mathfrak{W} \mathfrak{X} \mathfrak{Y} \mathfrak{Z} \,\!</math>
|-
|-
|<code><nowiki>\mathfrak{a} \mathfrak{b} \mathfrak{c} \mathfrak{d} \mathfrak{e} \mathfrak{f} \mathfrak{g} </nowiki></code>
|<code><nowiki>\mathfrak{a} \mathfrak{b} \mathfrak{c} \mathfrak{d} \mathfrak{e} \mathfrak{f} \mathfrak{g}</nowiki></code>
|<math>\mathfrak{a} \mathfrak{b} \mathfrak{c} \mathfrak{d} \mathfrak{e} \mathfrak{f} \mathfrak{g} \!</math>
|<math>\mathfrak{a} \mathfrak{b} \mathfrak{c} \mathfrak{d} \mathfrak{e} \mathfrak{f} \mathfrak{g} \,\!</math>
|-
|-
|<code><nowiki>\mathfrak{h} \mathfrak{i} \mathfrak{j} \mathfrak{k} \mathfrak{l} \mathfrak{m} </nowiki></code>
|<code><nowiki>\mathfrak{h} \mathfrak{i} \mathfrak{j} \mathfrak{k} \mathfrak{l} \mathfrak{m}</nowiki></code>
|<math>\mathfrak{h} \mathfrak{i} \mathfrak{j} \mathfrak{k} \mathfrak{l} \mathfrak{m} \!</math>
|<math>\mathfrak{h} \mathfrak{i} \mathfrak{j} \mathfrak{k} \mathfrak{l} \mathfrak{m} \,\!</math>
|-
|-
|<code><nowiki>\mathfrak{n} \mathfrak{o} \mathfrak{p} \mathfrak{q} \mathfrak{r} \mathfrak{s} \mathfrak{t} </nowiki></code>
|<code><nowiki>\mathfrak{n} \mathfrak{o} \mathfrak{p} \mathfrak{q} \mathfrak{r} \mathfrak{s} \mathfrak{t}</nowiki></code>
|<math>\mathfrak{n} \mathfrak{o} \mathfrak{p} \mathfrak{q} \mathfrak{r} \mathfrak{s} \mathfrak{t} \!</math>
|<math>\mathfrak{n} \mathfrak{o} \mathfrak{p} \mathfrak{q} \mathfrak{r} \mathfrak{s} \mathfrak{t} \,\!</math>
|-
|-
|<code><nowiki>\mathfrak{u} \mathfrak{v} \mathfrak{w} \mathfrak{x} \mathfrak{y} \mathfrak{z} </nowiki></code>
|<code><nowiki>\mathfrak{u} \mathfrak{v} \mathfrak{w} \mathfrak{x} \mathfrak{y} \mathfrak{z}</nowiki></code>
|<math>\mathfrak{u} \mathfrak{v} \mathfrak{w} \mathfrak{x} \mathfrak{y} \mathfrak{z} \!</math>
|<math>\mathfrak{u} \mathfrak{v} \mathfrak{w} \mathfrak{x} \mathfrak{y} \mathfrak{z} \,\!</math>
|-
|-
|<code><nowiki>\mathfrak{0} \mathfrak{1} \mathfrak{2} \mathfrak{3} \mathfrak{4} </nowiki></code>
|<code><nowiki>\mathfrak{0} \mathfrak{1} \mathfrak{2} \mathfrak{3} \mathfrak{4}</nowiki></code>
|<math>\mathfrak{0} \mathfrak{1} \mathfrak{2} \mathfrak{3} \mathfrak{4} \!</math>
|<math>\mathfrak{0} \mathfrak{1} \mathfrak{2} \mathfrak{3} \mathfrak{4} \,\!</math>
|-
|-
|<code><nowiki>\mathfrak{5} \mathfrak{6} \mathfrak{7} \mathfrak{8} \mathfrak{9} </nowiki></code>
|<code><nowiki>\mathfrak{5} \mathfrak{6} \mathfrak{7} \mathfrak{8} \mathfrak{9}</nowiki></code>
|<math>\mathfrak{5} \mathfrak{6} \mathfrak{7} \mathfrak{8} \mathfrak{9} \!</math>
|<math>\mathfrak{5} \mathfrak{6} \mathfrak{7} \mathfrak{8} \mathfrak{9}\,\!</math>
|-
|-
!colspan="2"| Calligraphy/script
! colspan="2" | Calligraphy/Script
|-
|-
|<code><nowiki>\mathcal{A} \mathcal{B} \mathcal{C} \mathcal{D} \mathcal{E} \mathcal{F} \mathcal{G} </nowiki></code>
|<code><nowiki>\mathcal{A} \mathcal{B} \mathcal{C} \mathcal{D} \mathcal{E} \mathcal{F} \mathcal{G}</nowiki></code>
|<math>\mathcal{A} \mathcal{B} \mathcal{C} \mathcal{D} \mathcal{E} \mathcal{F} \mathcal{G} \!</math>
|<math>\mathcal{A} \mathcal{B} \mathcal{C} \mathcal{D} \mathcal{E} \mathcal{F} \mathcal{G} \,\!</math>
|-
|-
|<code><nowiki>\mathcal{H} \mathcal{I} \mathcal{J} \mathcal{K} \mathcal{L} \mathcal{M} </nowiki></code>
|<code><nowiki>\mathcal{H} \mathcal{I} \mathcal{J} \mathcal{K} \mathcal{L} \mathcal{M}</nowiki></code>
|<math>\mathcal{H} \mathcal{I} \mathcal{J} \mathcal{K} \mathcal{L} \mathcal{M} \!</math>
|<math>\mathcal{H} \mathcal{I} \mathcal{J} \mathcal{K} \mathcal{L} \mathcal{M} \,\!</math>
|-
|-
|<code><nowiki>\mathcal{N} \mathcal{O} \mathcal{P} \mathcal{Q} \mathcal{R} \mathcal{S} \mathcal{T} </nowiki></code>
|<code><nowiki>\mathcal{N} \mathcal{O} \mathcal{P} \mathcal{Q} \mathcal{R} \mathcal{S} \mathcal{T}</nowiki></code>
|<math>\mathcal{N} \mathcal{O} \mathcal{P} \mathcal{Q} \mathcal{R} \mathcal{S} \mathcal{T} \!</math>
|<math>\mathcal{N} \mathcal{O} \mathcal{P} \mathcal{Q} \mathcal{R} \mathcal{S} \mathcal{T} \,\!</math>
|-
|-
|<code><nowiki>\mathcal{U} \mathcal{V} \mathcal{W} \mathcal{X} \mathcal{Y} \mathcal{Z} </nowiki></code>
|<code><nowiki>\mathcal{U} \mathcal{V} \mathcal{W} \mathcal{X} \mathcal{Y} \mathcal{Z}</nowiki></code>
|<math>\mathcal{U} \mathcal{V} \mathcal{W} \mathcal{X} \mathcal{Y} \mathcal{Z} \!</math>
|<math>\mathcal{U} \mathcal{V} \mathcal{W} \mathcal{X} \mathcal{Y} \mathcal{Z}\,\!</math>
|-
|-
!colspan="2"| Hebrew symbols
! colspan="2" | Hebrew
|-
|-
|<code><nowiki>\aleph \beth \gimel \daleth </nowiki></code>
|<code><nowiki>\aleph \beth \gimel \daleth</nowiki></code>
|<math>\aleph \beth \gimel \daleth \!</math>
|<math>\aleph \beth \gimel \daleth\,\!</math>
|}
|}


=== Mixed text faces ===
 
{|class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"  
|-
! Feature
! Feature
! Syntax
! Syntax
!colspan="2"| How it looks rendered
! colspan="2" | How it looks rendered
|-
|-  
| Non-italicised characters
| non-italicised characters
|<code>\text{xyz}</code>
| <code><nowiki>\mbox{abc}</nowiki></code>
|<math>\text{xyz}</math>
| <math>\mbox{abc}</math>
|<math>\text{xyz}\!</math>
| <math>\mbox{abc} \,\!</math>
|-
|-  
|Mixed italics (bad)
| mixed italics (bad)
|<code>\text{if} n \text{is even}</code>
| <code><nowiki>\mbox{if} n \mbox{is even}</nowiki></code>
|<math>\text{if} n \text{is even} </math>
| <math>\mbox{if} n \mbox{is even}</math>
|<math>\text{if} n \text{is even} \!</math>
| <math>\mbox{if} n \mbox{is even} \,\!</math>
|-
|-  
|Mixed italics (good)
| mixed italics (good)
|<code>\text{if }n\text{ is even}</code>
| <code><nowiki>\mbox{if }n\mbox{ is even}</nowiki></code>
|<math>\text{if }n\text{ is even}</math>
| <math>\mbox{if }n\mbox{ is even}</math>
|<math>\text{if }n\text{ is even}\!</math>
| <math>\mbox{if }n\mbox{ is even} \,\!</math>
|-
|-  
|Mixed italics (alternative: ~ or "\ " forces a space)
| mixed italics (more legible: ~ is a non-breaking space, while "\ " forces a space)
|<code>\text{if}~n\ \text{is even}</code>
| <code><nowiki>\mbox{if}~n\ \mbox{is even}</nowiki></code>
|<math>\text{if}~n\ \text{is even} </math>
| <math>\mbox{if}~n\ \mbox{is even}</math>
|<math>\text{if}~n\ \text{is even} \!</math>
| <math>\mbox{if}~n\ \mbox{is even} \,\!</math>
|}
|}


Zeile 1.285: Zeile 1.014:
*:<math>x_{1,2}=\frac{-b\pm\sqrt{\color{Red}b^2-4ac}}{2a}</math>
*:<math>x_{1,2}=\frac{-b\pm\sqrt{\color{Red}b^2-4ac}}{2a}</math>


{| class="wikitable"
It is also possible to change the background color, as in the following example:
|+ Colors supported
{| class=wikitable
|-
| <math>\color{Apricot}\text{Apricot}</math> || <math>\color{Aquamarine}\text{Aquamarine}</math> || <math>\color{Bittersweet}\text{Bittersweet}</math> || <math>\color{Black}\text{Black}</math>
|-
| <math>\color{Blue}\text{Blue}</math> || <math>\color{BlueGreen}\text{BlueGreen}</math> || <math>\color{BlueViolet}\text{BlueViolet}</math> || <math>\color{BrickRed}\text{BrickRed}</math>
|-
| <math>\color{Brown}\text{Brown}</math> || <math>\color{BurntOrange}\text{BurntOrange}</math> || <math>\color{CadetBlue}\text{CadetBlue}</math> || <math>\color{CarnationPink}\text{CarnationPink}</math>
|-
| <math>\color{Cerulean}\text{Cerulean}</math> || <math>\color{CornflowerBlue}\text{CornflowerBlue}</math> || <math>\color{Cyan}\text{Cyan}</math> || <math>\color{Dandelion}\text{Dandelion}</math>
|-
| <math>\color{DarkOrchid}\text{DarkOrchid}</math> || <math>\color{Emerald}\text{Emerald}</math> || <math>\color{ForestGreen}\text{ForestGreen}</math> || <math>\color{Fuchsia}\text{Fuchsia}</math>
|-
|-
| <math>\color{Goldenrod}\text{Goldenrod}</math> || <math>\color{Gray}\text{Gray}</math> || <math>\color{Green}\text{Green}</math> || <math>\color{GreenYellow}\text{GreenYellow}</math>
! Background
! Wikicode
! Rendering (in PNG)
|-
|-
| <math>\color{JungleGreen}\text{JungleGreen}</math> || <math>\color{Lavender}\text{Lavender}</math> || <math>\color{LimeGreen}\text{LimeGreen}</math> || <math>\color{Magenta}\text{Magenta}</math>
! rowspan=2 | White
| <code>e^{i \pi} + 1 = 0</code>
| <math>e^{i \pi} + 1 = 0\,\!</math>
|-
|-
| <math>\color{Mahogany}\text{Mahogany}</math> || <math>\color{Maroon}\text{Maroon}</math> || <math>\color{Melon}\text{Melon}</math> || <math>\color{MidnightBlue}\text{MidnightBlue}</math>
| <code>'''\definecolor{orange}{RGB}{255,165,0}\pagecolor{orange}'''e^{i \pi} + 1 = 0</code>
| <math>\definecolor{orange}{RGB}{255,165,0}\pagecolor{orange}e^{i \pi} + 1 = 0\,\!</math></span>
|-
|-
| <math>\color{Mulberry}\text{Mulberry}</math> || <math>\color{NavyBlue}\text{NavyBlue}</math> || <math>\color{OliveGreen}\text{OliveGreen}</math> || <math>\color{Orange}\text{Orange}</math>
! rowspan=2 | Orange
| <code>e^{i \pi} + 1 = 0</code>
| style="background-color:orange;" | <math>e^{i \pi} + 1 = 0\,\!</math>
|-
|-
| <math>\color{OrangeRed}\text{OrangeRed}</math> || <math>\color{Orchid}\text{Orchid}</math> || <math>\color{Peach}\text{Peach}</math> || <math>\color{Periwinkle}\text{Periwinkle}</math>
| <code>'''\definecolor{orange}{RGB}{255,165,0}\pagecolor{orange}'''e^{i \pi} + 1 = 0</code>
|-
| style="background-color:orange;" | <math>\definecolor{orange}{RGB}{255,165,0}\pagecolor{orange}e^{i \pi} + 1 = 0\,\!</math>
| <math>\color{PineGreen}\text{PineGreen}</math> || <math>\color{Plum}\text{Plum}</math> || <math>\color{ProcessBlue}\text{ProcessBlue}</math> || <math>\color{Purple}\text{Purple}</math>
|-
| <math>\color{RawSienna}\text{RawSienna}</math> || <math>\color{Red}\text{Red}</math> || <math>\color{RedOrange}\text{RedOrange}</math> || <math>\color{RedViolet}\text{RedViolet}</math>
|-
| <math>\color{Rhodamine}\text{Rhodamine}</math> || <math>\color{RoyalBlue}\text{RoyalBlue}</math> || <math>\color{RoyalPurple}\text{RoyalPurple}</math> || <math>\color{RubineRed}\text{RubineRed}</math>
|-
| <math>\color{Salmon}\text{Salmon}</math> || <math>\color{SeaGreen}\text{SeaGreen}</math> || <math>\color{Sepia}\text{Sepia}</math> || <math>\color{SkyBlue}\text{SkyBlue}</math>
|-
| <math>\color{SpringGreen}\text{SpringGreen}</math> || <math>\color{Tan}\text{Tan}</math> || <math>\color{TealBlue}\text{TealBlue}</math> || <math>\color{Thistle}\text{Thistle}</math>
|-
| <math>\color{Turquoise}\text{Turquoise}</math> || <math>\color{Violet}\text{Violet}</math> || <math>\color{VioletRed}\text{VioletRed}</math> || <math style="background:black">\pagecolor{Black}\color{White}\text{White}</math>
|-
| <math>\color{WildStrawberry}\text{WildStrawberry}</math> || <math>\color{Yellow}\text{Yellow}</math> || <math>\color{YellowGreen}\text{YellowGreen}</math> || <math>\color{YellowOrange}\text{YellowOrange}</math>
|}
|}


Note that color should not be used as the ''only'' way to identify something, because it will become meaningless on black-and-white media or for color-blind people. See [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style (accessibility)#Color]].
See here for [http://oregonstate.edu/%7Epeterseb/tex/samples/docs/color-package-demo.pdf all named colors] supported by LaTeX.
 
Note that color should not be used as the ''only'' way to identify something, because it will become meaningless on black-and-white media or for color-blind people. See [[en:Wikipedia:Manual of Style#Color coding]].


== Formatting issues ==
== Formatting issues ==
=== Spacing ===
=== Spacing ===
Note that TeX handles most spacing automatically, but you may sometimes want manual control.  
Note that TeX handles most spacing automatically, but you may sometimes want manual control.  
{| class="wikitable"
!Feature
!Syntax
!How it looks rendered
|-
|Double quad space
|a \qquad b
|<math>a \qquad b</math>
|-
|Quad space
|a \quad b
|<math>a \quad b</math>
|-
|Text space, forced space
|a\ b<br/>a~b
|<math>a\ b</math>
|-
|Text space without PNG conversion
|a \text{ } b
|<math>a \text{ } b</math>
|-
|Large space
|a\;b
|<math>a\;b</math>
|-
|Medium space
|a\&gt;b [not supported]<br/>a\;\;\!\!b
|<math>a\;\;\!\!b</math>
|-
|Small space
|a\,b
|<math>a\,b</math>
|-
|No space
|ab
|<math>ab\,</math>
|-
|Small negative space
|a\!b
|<math>a\!b</math>


{|  border="2" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" style="margin: 1em 1em 1em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse;"
! Feature
! Syntax
! How it looks rendered
|-
| double quad space
| <code><nowiki>a \qquad b</nowiki></code>
| <math>a \qquad b</math>
|-
| quad space
| <code><nowiki>a \quad b</nowiki></code>
| <math>a \quad b</math>
|-
| text space
| <code><nowiki>a\ b</nowiki></code>
| <math>a\ b</math>
|-
| text space without PNG conversion
| <code><nowiki>a \mbox{ } b</nowiki></code>
| <math>a \mbox{ } b</math>
|-
| large space
| <code><nowiki>a\;b</nowiki></code>
| <math>a\;b</math>
|-
| medium space
| <code><nowiki>a\&gt;b</nowiki></code>
| [not supported]
|-
| small space
| <code><nowiki>a\,b</nowiki></code>
| <math>a\,b</math>
|-
| no space
| <code><nowiki>ab</nowiki></code>
| <math>ab\,</math>
|-
| small negative space
| <code><nowiki>a\!b</nowiki></code>
| <math>a\!b</math>
|}
|}


Automatic spacing may be broken in very long expressions (because they produce an overfull hbox in TeX):
Automatic spacing may be broken in very long expressions (because they produce an overfull hbox in TeX):
:<nowiki><math>0+1+2+3+4+5+6+7+8+9+10+11+12+13+14+15+16+17+18+19+20+\cdots</math></nowiki>
:<code><nowiki><math>0+1+2+3+4+5+6+7+8+9+10+11+12+13+14+15+16+17+18+19+20+\cdots</math></nowiki></code>
:<math>0+1+2+3+4+5+6+7+8+9+10+11+12+13+14+15+16+17+18+19+20+\cdots</math>
:<math>0+1+2+3+4+5+6+7+8+9+10+11+12+13+14+15+16+17+18+19+20+\cdots</math>
This can be remedied by putting a pair of braces { } around the whole expression:
This can be remedied by putting a pair of braces { } around the whole expression:
:<nowiki><math>{0+1+2+3+4+5+6+7+8+9+10+11+12+13+14+15+16+17+18+19+20+\cdots}</math></nowiki>
:<code><nowiki><math>{0+1+2+3+4+5+6+7+8+9+10+11+12+13+14+15+16+17+18+19+20+\cdots}</math></nowiki></code>
:<math>{0+1+2+3+4+5+6+7+8+9+10+11+12+13+14+15+16+17+18+19+20+\cdots}</math>
:<math>{0+1+2+3+4+5+6+7+8+9+10+11+12+13+14+15+16+17+18+19+20+\cdots}</math>


=== Alignment with normal text flow ===
=== Alignment with normal text flow ===
Due to the default CSS
Due to the default css


<source lang="CSS">img.tex { vertical-align: middle; }</source>
<pre>img.tex { vertical-align: middle; }</pre>


an inline expression like <math>\int_{-N}^{N} e^x\, dx</math> should look good.
an inline expression like <math>\int_{-N}^{N} e^x\, dx</math> should look good.


If you need to align it otherwise, use <code><nowiki><math style="vertical-align:-100%;">...</math></nowiki></code> and play with the <code>vertical-align</code> argument until you get it right. However, how it looks may depend on the browser and the browser settings.
If you need to align it otherwise, use <code><nowiki><math style="vertical-align:-100%;">...</math></nowiki></code> and play with the <code>vertical-align</code> argument until you get it right; however, how it looks may depend on the browser and the browser settings.


Also note that if you rely on this workaround, if/when the rendering on the server gets fixed in future releases, as a result of this extra manual offset your formulae will suddenly be aligned incorrectly. So use it sparingly, if at all.
Also note that if you rely on this workaround, if/when the rendering on the server gets fixed in future releases, as a result of this extra manual offset your formulae will suddenly be aligned incorrectly. So use it sparingly, if at all.
Zeile 1.400: Zeile 1.106:
=== Forced PNG rendering ===
=== Forced PNG rendering ===


To force the formula to render as PNG, add <code>\,</code> (small space) at the end of the formula (where it is not rendered). This will force PNG if the user is in "HTML if simple" mode, but not for "HTML if possible" mode (math rendering settings in [[Help:Preferences|preferences]]).
To force the formula to render as PNG, add <code>\,</code> (small space) at the end of the formula (where it is not rendered). This will force PNG if the user is in "HTML if simple" mode, but not for "HTML if possible" mode (math rendering settings in [[Help:Preferences|preferences]]).


You can also use <code>\,\!</code> (small space and negative space, which cancel out) anywhere inside the math tags. This ''does'' force PNG even in "HTML if possible" mode, unlike <code>\,</code>.
You can also use <code>\,\!</code> (small space and negative space, which cancel out) anywhere inside the math tags. This ''does'' force PNG even in "HTML if possible" mode, unlike <code>\,</code>.


This could be useful to keep the rendering of formulae in a proof consistent, for example, or to fix formulae that render incorrectly in HTML (at one time, a^{2+2} rendered with an extra underscore), or to demonstrate how something is rendered when it would normally show up as HTML (as in the examples above).
This could be useful to keep the rendering of formulae in a proof consistent, for example, or to fix formulae that render incorrectly in HTML (at one time, a^{2+2} rendered with an extra underscore), or to demonstrate how something is rendered when it would normally show up as HTML (as in the examples above).
Zeile 1.408: Zeile 1.114:
For instance:
For instance:


<table border="2" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" style="margin: 1em 1em 1em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse;">


<tr>
{|  border="2" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" style="margin: 1em 1em 1em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse;"
<th>Syntax</th>
! Syntax
<th>How it looks rendered</th>
! How it looks rendered
</tr>
|-
 
| <code><nowiki>a^{c+2}</nowiki></code>
<tr>
| <math>a^{\,\!c+2}</math>
<td>a^{c+2}</td>
|-
<td><math>a^{c+2}</math></td>
| <code><nowiki>a^{c+2} \,</nowiki></code>
</tr>
| <math>a^{c+2} \,</math>
 
|-
<tr>
| <code><nowiki>a^{\,\!c+2}</nowiki></code>
<td>a^{c+2} \,</td>
| <math>a^{\,\!c+2}</math>
<td><math>a^{c+2} \,</math></td>
|-
</tr>
| <code><nowiki>a^{b^{c+2}}</nowiki></code>
| <math>a^{b^{c+2}}</math> (WRONG with option "HTML if possible or else PNG"!)
|-
| <code><nowiki>a^{b^{c+2}} \,</nowiki></code>
| <math>a^{b^{c+2}} \,</math> (WRONG with option "HTML if possible or else PNG"!)
|-
| <code><nowiki>a^{b^{c+2}}\approx 5</nowiki></code>
| <math>a^{b^{c+2}}\approx 5</math> (due to "<math>\approx</math>" correctly displayed, no code "\,\!" needed)
|-
| <code><nowiki>a^{b^{\,\!c+2}}</nowiki></code>
| <math>a^{b^{\,\!c+2}}</math>
|-
| <code><nowiki>\int_{-N}^{N} e^x\, dx</nowiki></code>
| <math>\int_{-N}^{N} e^x\, dx</math>
|}


<tr>
<td>a^{\,\!c+2}</td>
<td><math>a^{\,\!c+2}</math> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>a^{b^{c+2}}</td>
<td><math>a^{b^{c+2}}</math> (WRONG with option "HTML if possible or else PNG"!)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>a^{b^{c+2}} \,</td>
<td><math>a^{b^{c+2}} \,</math> (WRONG with option "HTML if possible or else PNG"!)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>a^{b^{c+2}}\approx 5</td>
<td><math>a^{b^{c+2}}\approx 5</math> (due to "<math>\approx</math>" correctly displayed, no code "\,\!" needed)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>a^{b^{\,\!c+2}}</td>
<td><math>a^{b^{\,\!c+2}}</math></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>\int_{-N}^{N} e^x\, dx</td>
<td><math>\int_{-N}^{N} e^x\, dx</math></td>
</tr>
</table>


This has been tested with most of the formulae on this page, and seems to work perfectly.
This has been tested with most of the formulae on this page, and seems to work perfectly.
Zeile 1.461: Zeile 1.149:
You might want to include a comment in the HTML so people don't "correct" the formula by removing it:
You might want to include a comment in the HTML so people don't "correct" the formula by removing it:


:''<nowiki><!-- The \,\! is to keep the formula rendered as PNG instead of HTML. Please don't remove it.--></nowiki>''
:''<nowiki><!-- The \,\! is to keep the formula rendered as PNG instead of HTML. Please don't remove it.--></nowiki>''


== Commutative diagrams ==
== Commutative diagrams ==
To make a [[commutative diagram]], there are three steps:
To make a [[en:Commutative diagram|commutative diagram]], there are three steps:
# write the diagram in [[TeX]]
* Write the diagram in [[en:TeX|TeX]]
# convert to [[SVG]]
* Convert to [[en:SVG|SVG]]
# [[commons:Commons:First steps/Upload form|upload the file]] to [[commons:|Wikimedia Commons]]
* [[commons:Commons:First steps/Upload form|Upload the file]] to [[commons:|Wikimedia Commons]]


=== Diagrams in TeX ===
=== Diagrams in TeX ===
Zeile 1.473: Zeile 1.161:


Simpler packages include:
Simpler packages include:
* [[American Mathematical Society|AMS]]'s [http://www.dante.de/CTAN//help/Catalogue/entries/amscd.html amscd]
* [[en:American Mathematical Society|AMS]]'s [http://www.dante.de/CTAN//help/Catalogue/entries/amscd.html amscd]
* Paul Taylor's [http://www.ctan.org/tex-archive/macros/generic/diagrams/taylor/ diagrams]
* Paul Taylor's [http://www.ctan.org/tex-archive/macros/generic/diagrams/taylor/ diagrams]
* François Borceux [http://www.ctan.org/tex-archive/help/Catalogue/entries/borceux.html Diagrams]
* François Borceux [http://www.ctan.org/tex-archive/help/Catalogue/entries/borceux.html Diagrams]


The following is a template for Xy-pic, together with a [[Hack (technology)|hack]] to increase the [[Margin (typography)|margins]] in [[dvips]], so that the diagram is not truncated by over-eager cropping
The following is a template for Xy-pic, together with a [[en:Hack (technology)|hack]] to increase the [[en:Margin (typography)|margins]] in [[en:dvips|dvips]], so that the diagram is not truncated by over-eager cropping
(suggested in [[TUGboat]]: [http://www.tug.org/TUGboat/Articles/tb17-3/tb52rahtz.pdf TUGboat, Volume 17 1996, No. 3]):
(suggested in [[en:TUGboat|TUGboat]] [http://www.tug.org/TUGboat/Articles/tb17-3/tb52rahtz.pdf TUGboat, Volume 17 1996, No. 3]):
<pre>
<pre>
\documentclass{amsart}
\documentclass{amsart}
\usepackage[all, ps, dvips]{xy} % Loading the XY-Pic package  
\usepackage[all, ps]{xy} % Loading the XY-Pic package  
% Using postscript driver for smoother curves
                        % Using postscript driver for smoother curves
\usepackage{color} % For invisible frame
\usepackage{color}       % For invisible frame
\begin{document}
\begin{document}
\thispagestyle{empty} % No page numbers
\thispagestyle{empty} % No page numbers
\SelectTips{eu}{} % Euler arrowheads (tips)
\SelectTips{eu}{}     % Euler arrowheads (tips)
\setlength{\fboxsep}{0pt} % Frame box margin
\setlength{\fboxsep}{0pt} % Frame box margin
{\color{white}\framebox{{\color{black}$$ % Frame for margin
{\color{white}\framebox{{\color{black}$$ % Frame for margin
Zeile 1.505: Zeile 1.193:
pdfcrop --clip file.pdf tmp.pdf
pdfcrop --clip file.pdf tmp.pdf
pdf2svg tmp.pdf file.svg
pdf2svg tmp.pdf file.svg
(rm tmp.pdf at the end)
  (rm tmp.pdf at the end)
</pre>
</pre>
pdflatex and the [http://pdfcrop.sourceforge.net pdfcrop] and [http://www.cityinthesky.co.uk/pdf2svg.html pdf2svg] utilities are needed for this procedure.


If you do not have pdflatex (which is unlikely) you can also use the commands
If you do not have these programs, you can also use the commands


<pre>
<pre>
Zeile 1.515: Zeile 1.204:
</pre>
</pre>


to get a PDF version of your diagram. The [http://pdfcrop.sourceforge.net pdfcrop] and [http://www.cityinthesky.co.uk/pdf2svg.html pdf2svg] utilities are needed for this procedure.
to get a PDF version of your diagram.


In general, you will not be able to get anywhere with diagrams without TeX and Ghostscript, and the <code>inkscape</code> program is a useful tool for creating or modifying your diagrams by hand. There is also a utility <code>pstoedit</code> which supports direct conversion from Postscript files to many vector graphics formats, but it requires a non-free plugin to convert to SVG, and regardless of the format, [[User:Ryan Reich|this editor]] has not been successful in using it to convert diagrams with diagonal arrows from TeX-created files.
==== Programs ====
In general, you will not be able to get anywhere with diagrams without TeX and Ghostscript, and the <code>inkscape</code> program is a useful tool for creating or modifying your diagrams by hand. There is also a utility <code>pstoedit</code> which supports direct conversion from Postscript files to many vector graphics formats, but it requires a non-free plugin to convert to SVG, and regardless of the format, [[w:user:Ryan Reich|this editor]] has not been successful in using it to convert diagrams with diagonal arrows from TeX-created files.


These programs are:
These programs are:
* a working TeX distribution, such as [[TeX Live]]
* a working TeX distribution, such as [[en:TeX Live|TeX Live]]
* [[Ghostscript]]
* [[en:Ghostscript|Ghostscript]]
* [[pstoedit]]
* [[en:pstoedit|pstoedit]]
* [[Inkscape]]
* [[en:Inkscape|Inkscape]]


=== Upload the file ===
=== Upload the file ===
{{seealso|commons:Commons:First steps/Upload form}}
{{seealso|commons:Commons:First steps/Upload form}}
{{seealso|Help:Contents/Images and media}}
{{seealso|en:Help:Contents/Images and media}}


As the diagram is your own work, upload it to [[commons:|Wikimedia Commons]], so that all projects (notably, all languages) can use it without having to copy it to their language's Wiki. (If you've previously uploaded a file to somewhere other than Commons, to Commons.)
As the diagram is your own work, upload it to [[commons:|Wikimedia Commons]], so that all projects (notably, all languages) can use it without having to copy it to their language's Wiki. (If you've previously uploaded a file to somewhere other than Commons, [[en:Wikipedia:Moving images to the Commons|transwiki it]] to Commons.)


;Check size: Before uploading, check that the default size of the image is neither too large nor too small by opening in an [[SVG#Support in applications|SVG application]] and viewing at default size (100% scaling), otherwise adjust the <tt>-y</tt> option to <tt>dvips</tt>.
;Check size: Before uploading, check that the default size of the image is neither too large nor too small by opening in an [[SVG#Support in applications|SVG application]] and viewing at default size (100% scaling), otherwise adjust the <tt>-y</tt> option to <tt>dvips</tt>.
;Name: Make sure the file has a [[Wikipedia:Naming_conventions|meaningful name]].
;Name: Make sure the file has a [[en:Wikipedia:Naming_conventions|meaningful name]].
;Upload: [[commons:Special:Userlogin|Login to Wikimedia Commons]], then <span class="plainlinks">[http://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Upload&uselang=ownwork upload the file]</span>; for the '''Summary''', give a brief description.
;Upload: [[commons:Special:Userlogin|Login to Wikimedia Commons]], then <span class="plainlinks">[http://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Upload&uselang=ownwork upload the file]</span>; for the '''Summary''', give a brief description.
Now go to the [[Help:Image page|image page]] and add a [[commons:Commons:First steps/Quality and description#Good file descriptions|description]], including the '''source code''', using this template:
Now go to the [[en:Help:Image page|image page]] and add a [[commons:Commons:First steps/Quality and description#Good file descriptions|description]], including the '''source code''', using this template (using <tt>{{[[commons:Template:Information|Information]]}}</tt>):


  <nowiki>{{</nowiki>Information
  <nowiki>{{</nowiki>Information
Zeile 1.540: Zeile 1.230:
  <nowiki>{{</nowiki>en| '''Description <nowiki>[[</nowiki>:en:Link to WP page|topic]]'''
  <nowiki>{{</nowiki>en| '''Description <nowiki>[[</nowiki>:en:Link to WP page|topic]]'''
  }}
  }}
  |Source=Created as per: <nowiki>[[</nowiki>:en:meta:Help:Displaying a formula#Commutative diagrams]]
  |Source = <nowiki>{{</nowiki>own}}
&lt;pre>
 
'''% TeX source here'''
Created as per:
&lt;/pre>
<nowiki>[[</nowiki>:en:meta:Help:Displaying a formula#Commutative diagrams]]; source code below.
  |Date = '''The Creation Date, like 1999-12-31'''
  |Date = '''The Creation Date, like 1999-12-31'''
  |Author = '''<nowiki>[[</nowiki>User:YourUserName|Your Real Name]]'''
  |Author = '''<nowiki>[[</nowiki>User:YourUserName|Your Real Name]]'''
  |Permission = <nowiki>{{</nowiki>self|PD-self '''(or [[commons:Licensing#Well-known_licenses|other license]])'''|author='''<nowiki>[[</nowiki>User:YourUserName|Your Real Name]]'''}}
  |Permission = Public domain; '''(or [[commons:Licensing#Well-known_licenses|other license]])''' see below.
  }}
  }}
   
   
== LaTeX source ==
&lt;source lang="latex">
'''% LaTeX source here'''
&lt;/source>
== <nowiki>[[</nowiki>Commons:Copyright tags|Licensing]]: ==
<nowiki>{{</nowiki>self|PD-self '''(or [[commons:Licensing#Well-known_licenses|other license]])'''|author='''<nowiki>[[</nowiki>User:YourUserName|Your Real Name]]'''}}
<nowiki>[[</nowiki>Category:'''Descriptive categories, such as "Group theory"''']]
  <nowiki>[[</nowiki>Category:Commutative diagrams]]
  <nowiki>[[</nowiki>Category:Commutative diagrams]]


;Source code:
;Source code:
* Include the source code in the [[Help:Image page|image page]], in the <tt>Source</tt> section of the <tt>[[commons:Template:Information|Information]]</tt> template, so that the diagram can be edited in future.
* Include the source code in the [[en:Help:Image page|image page]], in a <tt>LaTeX source</tt> section, so that the diagram can be edited in future.
* Include the complete <tt>.tex</tt> file, not just the fragment, so future editors do not need to reconstruct a compilable file.
* Include the complete <tt>.tex</tt> file, not just the fragment, so future editors do not need to reconstruct a compilable file.
* (Don't include it in the Summary section, which is just supposed to be a summary.)
;License: The most common license for commutative diagrams is <tt>[[commons:Template:PD-self|PD-self]]</tt>; some use <tt>[[commons:Template:PD-ineligible|PD-ineligible]]</tt>, especially for simple diagrams, or other licenses. Please ''do not'' use the [http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/fdl.html GFDL], as it requires the entire text of the GFDL to be attached to any document that uses the diagram.
;License: The most common license for commutative diagrams is <tt>[[commons:Template:PD-self|PD-self]]</tt>; some use <tt>[[commons:Template:PD-self|PD-ineligible]]</tt>, especially for simple diagrams, or other licenses. Please ''do not'' use the [http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/fdl.html GFDL], as it requires the entire text of the GFDL to be attached to any document that uses the diagram.
;Description: If possible, link to a Wikipedia page relevant to the diagram.
;Description: If possible, link to a Wikipedia page relevant to the diagram.
;Category: Include <tt><nowiki>[[Category:Commutative diagrams]]</nowiki></tt>, so that it appears in [[commons:Category:Commutative diagrams]]. There are also subcategories, which you may choose to use.
;Category: Include <tt><nowiki>[[Category:Commutative diagrams]]</nowiki></tt>, so that it appears in [[commons:Category:Commutative diagrams]]. There are also subcategories, which you may choose to use.
Zeile 1.563: Zeile 1.261:
A sample conforming diagram is [[commons:Image:PSU-PU.svg]].
A sample conforming diagram is [[commons:Image:PSU-PU.svg]].


==Not implemented elements, and warnings==
== Examples ==
===\oiint and \oiiint===
To the unimplemented elements, or better: not-yet implemented ones, belongs \oiint (see below), i.e. a two-fold integral \iint (<math>\iint</math>), additionally with some kind of circular surface covering the center of the two integrals. This element would appear in many contexts (requiring integration over a curved surface within a space of larger dimension), and would be a strong candidate for the next TeX version, e.g. it would appear in [[Maxwell's equations]]. Thus, in the present version, there are a lot of workarounds, for example
: <math>\iint_{\partial V}\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\;\;\;\subset\!\supset \mathbf D\;\cdot\mathrm{d}\mathbf A</math> which uses \iint along with \subset and \supset (overdrawn after backspacing), or
: <math>\int\!\!\!\!\int_{\partial V}\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\;\;\;\bigcirc\,\,\mathbf D\;\cdot\mathrm{d}\mathbf A</math> which uses \int twice (with some backward kerning) along with \bigcirc (also overdrawn after backpacing) which produces a more consistant circle.
 
Three-fold curved integral symbol \oiiint (a variation of \iiint with an additional centered circle covering the three integrals, that should also be preferably more tightly kerned) are also commonly found in mathematics, physics and technical litterature (for integration over a curved volume within a space of larger dimension), it looks more or less like
: <math>\int\!\!\!\!\!\int\!\!\!\!\!\int_{\partial V}\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\;\;\;\bigcirc\,\,\mathbf D\;\cdot\mathrm{d}\mathbf A</math> which uses three \int symbols (with more backward kerning) along with \bigcirc (also overdrawn after backspacing).
However, since no standardisation exists as yet, any workaround like this (which uses many \! symbols for backspacing) should be avoided, if possible.
 
In contrast, \oint (<math>\oint</math>) exists for the single dimension (integration over a curved line within a plane or any space with higher dimension).
 
Note that \iint (the double integral) and \iiint (the triple integral) are still not kerned as they should preferably be, and are currently rendered as if they were successive \int symbols ; this is not a major problem for reading the formulas, even if the integral symbols before the last one do not have bounds, so it's best to avoid backspacing "hacks" as they may be inconsistent with a possible future better implementation of integrals symbols (with more precisely computed kerning positions).
 
===\phi and \varphi===
To the main symbols of TeX belong the elements "\phi" and "\varphi". With these elements, particularly with the use or non-use of the syllable "var", one should be particularly careful:
* The letter "\varphi", as a PNG-image or in long equations, can be written as <nowiki><math>\varphi\!</math></nowiki> ; it looks as <math>\varphi\!</math> and is a standard name for azimuthal angles ; using Unicode, the correct Greek character to use in plain-text (preferably in italic style) would be U+03C6 (''φ'') and is the standard letter "phi" of the Greek alphabet.
* In contrast, "\phi" (also written as PNG-image by <nowiki><math>\phi\!</math></nowiki>) looks as <math>\phi\!</math>, and is the standard name ''not'' for angles, but for electric potentials, again in Maxwell's equations and in similar contexts ; using Unicode, the correct Greek character to use in plain-text (preferably in italic style) would be U+03D5 (''ϕ'') and is an alternative representation of the letter, not used in Greek language but within scientific notations.
 
Both are very important. However unfortunately, at present the HTML-representation for the last-mentioned potentials <math>\phi\!</math> is <math>\phi</math>, which reminds more to "\varphi" instead of "\phi", although this HTML-substitute is obtained by the same symbol <nowiki><math>\phi</math></nowiki> as before, but without the PNG-image-enforcing addition "\," (or better "\!").
 
Thus at present, due to this bug, and although generally one should not enforce PNG-images, for \phi an exception should be made.
 
Note: \epsilon and \varepsilon have an analogous problem.
 
===Enforcing PNG-images?===
Moreover, although for other symbols the html substitute does not show a similar bug, the corresponding text should be looked upon very critical, since the HTML-symbols, although not obviously wrong, may look rather ugly to some, so that an enforced PNG-image is often preferable.
 
However, generally image-enforcing should be avoided. Often the best choice is to use neither TeX symbols nor the HTML substitutes, but instead the simple ASCII symbols offered by a standard keyboard: a good example is the quantity [[velocity]], which might be given in TeX (if necessary with an enforcement) by <math>v\!</math>, with the HTML substitute <math>v</math> (which, by the way, should not be mixed up with the Greek letter "\nu" <math>\nu\!</math>), and the ASCII letters ''v'' or ''V'' (i.e., one puts, at first, two primes for italic style, followed by the simple ASCII letter v or V, finally again two primes).
 
For vector or tensor quantities, one can use again ASCII letters plus three primes for bold printing.
 
Note also that the default HTML rendering of mathematic expressions (when they are possible) uses the default text font, weight, style and size for variable names. Some mathematic expressions need differences between these styles; for consistency with the more complex formulas using the same variables that can be rendered only as PNG, it may be necessary to enforce the PNG rendering also for isolated variables found in the article text (using one of the special TeX spaces that remain invisible on the left of right of the expression and that force the PNG rendering wherever they occur in the expression, notably the TeX backspace "\!").
 
== Examples of implemented TeX formulas ==


<center>
<center>
===Quadratic polynomial===
===Quadratic Polynomial===
  <math>ax^2 + bx + c = 0</math>
  <math>ax^2 + bx + c = 0</math>
   
   
  <nowiki><math>ax^2 + bx + c = 0</math></nowiki>
  <nowiki><math>ax^2 + bx + c = 0</math></nowiki>


===Quadratic polynomial (force PNG rendering)===
===Quadratic Polynomial (Force PNG Rendering)===
  <math>ax^2 + bx + c = 0\,\!</math>
  <math>ax^2 + bx + c = 0\,\!</math>
   
   
  <nowiki><math>ax^2 + bx + c = 0\,\!</math></nowiki>
  <nowiki><math>ax^2 + bx + c = 0\,\!</math></nowiki>


===Quadratic formula===
===Quadratic Formula===
  <math>x={-b\pm\sqrt{b^2-4ac} \over 2a}</math>
  <math>x=\frac{-b\pm\sqrt{b^2-4ac}}{2a}</math>
   
   
  <nowiki><math>x={-b\pm\sqrt{b^2-4ac} \over 2a}</math></nowiki>
  <nowiki><math>x=\frac{-b\pm\sqrt{b^2-4ac}}{2a}</math></nowiki>


===Tall parentheses and fractions ===
===Tall Parentheses and Fractions ===
  <math>2 = \left( \frac{\left(3-x\right) \times 2}{3-x} \right)</math>
  <math>2 = \left( \frac{\left(3-x\right) \times 2}{3-x} \right)</math>
   
   
Zeile 1.635: Zeile 1.298:


===Summation===
===Summation===
<math>\sum_{i=0}^{n-1} i</math>
<nowiki><math>\sum_{i=0}^{n-1} i</math></nowiki>
  <math>\sum_{m=1}^\infty\sum_{n=1}^\infty\frac{m^2\,n}{3^m\left(m\,3^n+n\,3^m\right)}</math>
  <math>\sum_{m=1}^\infty\sum_{n=1}^\infty\frac{m^2\,n}{3^m\left(m\,3^n+n\,3^m\right)}</math>
   
   
Zeile 1.644: Zeile 1.303:
  {3^m\left(m\,3^n+n\,3^m\right)}</math></nowiki>
  {3^m\left(m\,3^n+n\,3^m\right)}</math></nowiki>


=== Differential equation ===
=== Differential Equation ===
  <math>u'' + p(x)u' + q(x)u=f(x),\quad x>a</math>
  <math>u'' + p(x)u' + q(x)u=f(x),\quad x>a</math>
   
   
Zeile 1.661: Zeile 1.320:
  <nowiki><math>\lim_{z\rightarrow z_0} f(z)=f(z_0)</math></nowiki>
  <nowiki><math>\lim_{z\rightarrow z_0} f(z)=f(z_0)</math></nowiki>


===Integral equation===
===Integral Equation===
  <math>\phi_n(\kappa)
  <math>\phi_n(\kappa)
  = \frac{1}{4\pi^2\kappa^2} \int_0^\infty \frac{\sin(\kappa R)}{\kappa R} \frac{\partial}{\partial R} \left[R^2\frac{\partial D_n(R)}{\partial R}\right]\,dR</math>
  = \frac{1}{4\pi^2\kappa^2} \int_0^\infty \frac{\sin(\kappa R)}{\kappa R} \frac{\partial}{\partial R} \left[R^2\frac{\partial D_n(R)}{\partial R}\right]\,dR</math>
   
   
  <nowiki><math>\phi_n(\kappa) =
  <nowiki><math>\phi_n(\kappa) =
Zeile 1.680: Zeile 1.339:
===Continuation and cases===
===Continuation and cases===
  <math>f(x) = \begin{cases}1 & -1 \le x < 0 \\
  <math>f(x) = \begin{cases}1 & -1 \le x < 0 \\
  \frac{1}{2} & x = 0 \\ 1 - x^2 & \text{otherwise}\end{cases}</math>
  \frac{1}{2} & x = 0 \\ 1 - x^2 & \mbox{otherwise}\end{cases}</math>
   
   
  <nowiki><math>
  <nowiki><math>
Zeile 1.687: Zeile 1.346:
  1 & -1 \le x < 0 \\
  1 & -1 \le x < 0 \\
  \frac{1}{2} & x = 0 \\
  \frac{1}{2} & x = 0 \\
  1 - x^2 & \text{otherwise}
  1 - x^2 & \mbox{otherwise}
  \end{cases}
  \end{cases}
  </math></nowiki>
  </math></nowiki>
Zeile 1.700: Zeile 1.359:


===Fraction and small fraction===
===Fraction and small fraction===
  <math>\frac{a}{b}\ \tfrac{a}{b}</math>
  <math> \frac {a}{b}</math> &emsp; <math> \tfrac {a}{b} </math>
  <nowiki><math>\frac{a}{b}\ \tfrac{a}{b}</math></nowiki>
  <nowiki><math> \frac {a}{b}\ \tfrac {a}{b} </math></nowiki>


===Area of a quadrilateral===
</center>
<math>S=dD\,\sin\alpha\!</math>
<nowiki><math>S=dD\,\sin\alpha\!</math></nowiki>


===Volume of a sphere-stand===
==Bug reports==
<math>V=\tfrac16\pi h\left[3\left(r_1^2+r_2^2\right)+h^2\right]</math>
Discussions, bug reports and feature requests should go to the [[m:Mailing list#Wikitech|Wikitech-l mailing list]]. These can also be filed on [[Bugzilla:|Mediazilla]] under ''MediaWiki extensions''.
  <nowiki><math>V=\tfrac16\pi h\left[3\left(r_1^2+r_2^2\right)+h^2\right]</math></nowiki>


</center>
==Future==
In the future, as more browsers are smarter, it will be able to generate enhanced HTML or even [[w:MathML|MathML]] in many cases.  (See [[mw:blahtex|blahtex]] for information about current work on adding MathML support.)


==See also==
==See also==
*[[Wikipedia:Manual of Style (mathematics)#Typesetting of mathematical formulae|Typesetting of mathematical formulae]]
*[[Help:Comparison between ParserFunctions syntax and TeX syntax ]]
*[[Table of mathematical symbols]]
*[[w:Wikipedia:How to write a Wikipedia article on Mathematics#Typesetting_of_mathematical_formulas|Typesetting of mathematical formulas]]
*[[commons:Category:Images which should use TeX]]
*Proposed [[m:Music markup]]
* [http://tug.ctan.org/tex-archive/info/symbols/comprehensive/symbols-letter.pdf The Comprehensive LaTeX Symbol List]—symbols not found here may be documented there.
*[[w:Table of mathematical symbols|Table of mathematical symbols]]
* [http://www.ams.org/tex/amslatex.html AMS-LaTeX guide].
*[[mw:Extension:Blahtex]], or [[w:Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Mathematics/Archive10#blahtex: a LaTeX to MathML converter|blahtex: a LaTeX to MathML converter for Wikipedia]]
* [http://us.metamath.org/symbols/symbols.html A set of public domain fixed-size math symbol bitmaps].
*[[Help:Editing|General help]] for editing a Wiki page
* MathML: A product of the [[W3C]] [http://www.w3.org/Math/ Math working group], is a low-level specification for describing mathematics as a basis for machine to machine communication.
*[[Mimetex alternative]] for another way to display mathematics using Mimetex.cgi
 
==Notes==
{{refs}}
 
== External links ==
*[http://www.maths.tcd.ie/~dwilkins/LaTeXPrimer/ A LaTeX tutorial].
*A [http://www.ctan.org/tex-archive/info/gentle/gentle.pdf paper introducing TeX]—see page 39 onwards for a good introduction to the maths side of things.
*A [http://www.ctan.org/tex-archive/info/lshort/english/lshort.pdf paper introducing LaTeX]—skip to page 49 for the math section. See page 63 for a complete reference list of symbols included in LaTeX and AMS-LaTeX.
*[http://tug.ctan.org/tex-archive/info/symbols/comprehensive/symbols-letter.pdf The Comprehensive LaTeX Symbol List].
*[http://www.ams.org/tex/amslatex.html AMS-LaTeX guide].
*[http://us.metamath.org/symbols/symbols.html A set of public domain fixed-size math symbol bitmaps].
*[[w:MathML|MathML]]: A product of the [[w:W3C|W3C]] [http://www.w3.org/Math/ Math working group], is a low-level specification for describing mathematics as a basis for machine to machine communication.


{{languages|help:Latex}}
{{languages|help:Latex}}


[[Kategorie:Help/de]]
[[Kategorie:Help/de]]

Version vom 24. Mai 2011, 12:09 Uhr

Eine Bearbeitung aus Wikimedia/meta-wiki (http://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Help:Displaying_a_formula&oldid=2589271) Der Text steht unter der dort gültigen Lizenz: Creative Commons: Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported (CC BY-SA 3.0)

MediaWiki uses a subset of TeX markup, including some extensions from LaTeX and AMS-LaTeX, for mathematical formulae. It generates either PNG images or simple HTML markup, depending on user preferences and the complexity of the expression.

More precisely, MediaWiki filters the markup through Texvc, which in turn passes the commands to TeX for the actual rendering. Thus, only a limited part of the full TeX language is supported; see below for details.

To have math rendered, you have to set $wgUseTeX = true; in LocalSettings.php.

Technicals

Syntax

Traditionally, math markup goes inside the XML-style tag math: <math> ... </math>. The old edit toolbar has a button for this: MediaWiki:Math tip.

However, one can also use parser function #tag: {{#tag:math|...}}; this is more versatile: the wikitext at the dots is first expanded before interpreting the result as TeX code. Thus it can contain parameters, variables, parser functions and templates. Note however that with this syntax double braces in the TeX code must have a space in between, to avoid confusion with their use in template calls etc. Also, to produce the character "|" inside the TeX code, use {{!}}.[1]

In TeX, as in HTML, extra spaces and newlines are ignored.

Rendering

The PNG images are black on white (not transparent) (see bug 8 for details). These colors, as well as font sizes and types, are independent of browser settings or CSS. Font sizes and types will often deviate from what HTML renders. Vertical alignment with the surrounding text can also be a problem. The css selector of the images is img.tex. It should be pointed out that solutions to most of these shortcomings have been proposed by Maynard Handley, but have not been implemented yet.

The alt attribute of the PNG images (the text that is displayed if your browser can't display images; Internet Explorer shows it up in the hover box) is the wikitext that produced them, excluding the <math> and </math>.

Apart from function and operator names, as is customary in mathematics for variables, letters are in italics; digits are not. For other text, (like variable labels) to avoid being rendered in italics like variables, use \text, \mbox, or \mathrm. You can also define new function names using \operatorname{...}. For example, <math>\text{abc}</math> gives Fehler beim Parsen (SVG (MathML kann über ein Browser-Plugin aktiviert werden): Ungültige Antwort („Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.“) von Server „https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/“:): {\displaystyle \text{abc}} . This does not work for special characters, they are ignored unless the whole <math> expression is rendered in HTML:

  • <math>\text {abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzàáâãäåæçčďèéěêëìíîïňñòóôõöřšť÷øùúůûüýÿž}</math>
  • <math>\text {abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzàáâãäåæçčďèéěêëìíîïňñòóôõöřšť÷øùúůûüýÿž}\,</math>

gives:

  • Fehler beim Parsen (SVG (MathML kann über ein Browser-Plugin aktiviert werden): Ungültige Antwort („Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.“) von Server „https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/“:): {\displaystyle \text {abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzàáâãäåæçčďèéěêëìíîïňñòóôõöřšť÷øùúůûüýÿž}}
  • Fehler beim Parsen (SVG (MathML kann über ein Browser-Plugin aktiviert werden): Ungültige Antwort („Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.“) von Server „https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/“:): {\displaystyle \text {abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzàáâãäåæçčďèéěêëìíîïňñòóôõöřšť÷øùúůûüýÿž}\,}

See bug 798 for details.

Nevertheless, using \mbox instead of \text, more characters are allowed

For example,

  • <math>\mbox {abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzàáâãäåæçčďèéěêëìíîïňñòóôõöřšť÷øùúůûüýÿž}</math>
  • <math>\mbox {abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzàáâãäåæçčèéêëìíîïñòóôõö÷øùúûüýÿ}\,</math>

gives:

  • Fehler beim Parsen (SVG (MathML kann über ein Browser-Plugin aktiviert werden): Ungültige Antwort („Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.“) von Server „https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/“:): {\displaystyle \mbox {abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzàáâãäåæçčďèéěêëìíîïňñòóôõöřšť÷øùúůûüýÿž}}
  • Fehler beim Parsen (SVG (MathML kann über ein Browser-Plugin aktiviert werden): Ungültige Antwort („Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.“) von Server „https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/“:): {\displaystyle \mbox {abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzàáâãäåæçčďèéěêëìíîïňñòóôõöřšť÷øùúůûüýÿž}\,}

But \mbox{ð} and \mbox{þ} will give an error:

  • Fehler beim Parsen (SVG (MathML kann über ein Browser-Plugin aktiviert werden): Ungültige Antwort („Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.“) von Server „https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/“:): {\displaystyle \mbox {ð}}
  • Fehler beim Parsen (SVG (MathML kann über ein Browser-Plugin aktiviert werden): Ungültige Antwort („Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.“) von Server „https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/“:): {\displaystyle \mbox {þ}}

TeX vs HTML

Before introducing TeX markup for producing special characters, it should be noted that, as this comparison table shows, sometimes similar results can be achieved in HTML (see Help:Special characters).

TeX Syntax (forcing PNG) TeX Rendering HTML Syntax HTML Rendering
<math>\alpha\,\!</math> Fehler beim Parsen (SVG (MathML kann über ein Browser-Plugin aktiviert werden): Ungültige Antwort („Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.“) von Server „https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/“:): {\displaystyle \alpha\,\!} {{math|<VAR>&alpha;</VAR>}} Vorlage:Math
<math>\sqrt{2}</math> Fehler beim Parsen (SVG (MathML kann über ein Browser-Plugin aktiviert werden): Ungültige Antwort („Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.“) von Server „https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/“:): {\displaystyle \sqrt{2}} {{math|{{radical|2}}}} Vorlage:Math
<math>\sqrt{1-e^2}</math> Fehler beim Parsen (SVG (MathML kann über ein Browser-Plugin aktiviert werden): Ungültige Antwort („Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.“) von Server „https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/“:): {\displaystyle \sqrt{1-e^2}\!} {{math|{{radical|1 − ''e''²}}}} Vorlage:Math

The codes on the left produce the symbols on the right, but the latter can also be put directly in the wikitext, except for ‘=’.

Syntax Rendering 
&alpha; &beta; &gamma; &delta; &epsilon; &zeta;
&eta; &theta; &iota; &kappa; &lambda; &mu; &nu;
&xi; &omicron; &pi; &rho;  &sigma; &sigmaf;
&tau; &upsilon; &phi; &chi; &psi; &omega;
&Gamma; &Delta; &Theta; &Lambda; &Xi; &Pi;
&Sigma; &Phi; &Psi; &Omega;
α β γ δ ε ζ
η θ ι κ λ μ ν
ξ ο π ρ σ ς
τ υ φ χ ψ ω
Γ Δ Θ Λ Ξ Π
Σ Φ Ψ Ω 
&int; &sum; &prod; &radic; &minus; &plusmn; &infin;
&asymp; &prop; {{=}} &equiv; &ne; &le; &ge; 
&times; &middot; &divide; &part; &prime; &Prime;
&nabla; &permil; &deg; &there4; &Oslash; &oslash;
&isin; &notin; 
&cap; &cup; &sub; &sup; &sube; &supe;
&not; &and; &or; &exist; &forall; 
&rArr; &hArr; &rarr; &harr; &uarr; 
&alefsym; - &ndash; &mdash;
∫ ∑ ∏ √ − ± ∞
≈ ∝ = ≡ ≠ ≤ ≥
× · ÷ ∂ ′ ″
∇ ‰ ° ∴ Ø ø
∈ ∉ ∩ ∪ ⊂ ⊃ ⊆ ⊇
¬ ∧ ∨ ∃ ∀
⇒ ⇔ → ↔ ↑
ℵ - – —

The use of HTML instead of TeX is still under discussion. The arguments either way can be summarised as follows.

Pros of HTML

  1. In-line HTML formulae always align properly with the rest of the HTML text.
  2. The formula’s background and font size match the rest of HTML contents and the appearance respects CSS and browser settings while the typeface is conveniently altered to help you identify formulae.
  3. Pages using HTML code for formulae will load faster and they will create less clutter on your hard disk.
  4. Formulae typeset with HTML code will be accessible to client-side script links (a.k.a. scriptlets).
  5. The display of a formula entered using mathematical templates can be conveniently altered by modifying the templates involved; this modification will affect all relevant formulae without any manual intervention.
  6. The HTML code, if entered diligently, will contain all semantic information to transform the equation back to TeX or any other code as needed. It can even contain differences TeX does not normally catch, e.g. {{math|''i''}} for the imaginary unit and {{math|<VAR>i</VAR>}} for an arbitrary index variable.

Pros of TeX

  1. TeX is semantically superior to HTML. In TeX, "<math>x</math>" means "mathematical variable Fehler beim Parsen (SVG (MathML kann über ein Browser-Plugin aktiviert werden): Ungültige Antwort („Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.“) von Server „https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/“:): {\displaystyle x} ", whereas in HTML "x" could mean anything. Information has been irrevocably lost.
  2. On the other hand, if you encode the same formula as "{{math|<VAR>x</VAR>}}", you get the same visual result Vorlage:Math and no information is lost. This requires diligence and more typing that could make the formula harder to understand as you type it. However, since there are far more readers than editors, this effort is worth considering.
  3. TeX has been specifically designed for typesetting formulae, so input is easier and more natural if you are accustomed to it, and output is more aesthetically pleasing if you focus on a single formula rather than on the whole containing page.
  4. One consequence of point 1 is that TeX code can be transformed into HTML, but not vice-versa.Vorlage:Ref This means that on the server side we can always transform a formula, based on its complexity and location within the text, user preferences, type of browser, etc. Therefore, where possible, all the benefits of HTML can be retained, together with the benefits of TeX. It is true that the current situation is not ideal, but that is not a good reason to drop information/contents. It is more a reason to help improve the situation.
  5. Another consequence of point 1 is that TeX can be converted to MathML for browsers which support it, thus keeping its semantics and allowing the rendering to be better suited for the reader’s graphic device.
  6. When writing in TeX, editors need not worry about whether this or that version of this or that browser supports this or that HTML entity. The burden of these decisions is put on the software. This does not hold for HTML formulae, which can easily end up being rendered wrongly or differently from the editor’s intentions on a different browser.Vorlage:Ref
  7. More importantly, the serif font used for rendering formulae is browser-dependent and it may be missing some important glyphs. While the browser generally capable to substitute a matching glyph from a different font family, it need not be the case for combined glyphs (compare ‘ Vorlage:IPA ’ and ‘ a̅ ’).
  8. TeX is the preferred text formatting language of most professional mathematicians, scientists, and engineers. It is easier to persuade them to contribute if they can write in TeX.
Vorlage:Note unless your wikitext follows the style of point 2
Vorlage:Note The entity support problem is not limited to mathematical formulae though; it can be easily solved by using the corresponding characters instead of entities, as the character repertoire links do, except for cases where the corresponding glyphs are visually indiscernible (e.g. &ndash; for ‘–’ and &minus; for ‘−’).

Functions, symbols, special characters

Accents/diacritics

\acute{a} \grave{a} \hat{a} \tilde{a} \breve{a} Fehler beim Parsen (SVG (MathML kann über ein Browser-Plugin aktiviert werden): Ungültige Antwort („Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.“) von Server „https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/“:): {\displaystyle \acute{a} \grave{a} \hat{a} \tilde{a} \breve{a}\,\!}
\check{a} \bar{a} \ddot{a} \dot{a} Fehler beim Parsen (SVG (MathML kann über ein Browser-Plugin aktiviert werden): Ungültige Antwort („Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.“) von Server „https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/“:): {\displaystyle \check{a} \bar{a} \ddot{a} \dot{a}\!}

Standard functions

\sin a \cos b \tan c Fehler beim Parsen (SVG (MathML kann über ein Browser-Plugin aktiviert werden): Ungültige Antwort („Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.“) von Server „https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/“:): {\displaystyle \sin a \cos b \tan c\!}
\sec d \csc e \cot f Fehler beim Parsen (SVG (MathML kann über ein Browser-Plugin aktiviert werden): Ungültige Antwort („Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.“) von Server „https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/“:): {\displaystyle \sec d \csc e \cot f\,\!}
\arcsin h \arccos i \arctan j Fehler beim Parsen (SVG (MathML kann über ein Browser-Plugin aktiviert werden): Ungültige Antwort („Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.“) von Server „https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/“:): {\displaystyle \arcsin h \arccos i \arctan j\,\!}
\sinh k \cosh l \tanh m \coth n\! Fehler beim Parsen (SVG (MathML kann über ein Browser-Plugin aktiviert werden): Ungültige Antwort („Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.“) von Server „https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/“:): {\displaystyle \sinh k \cosh l \tanh m \coth n\!}
\operatorname{sh}\,o\,\operatorname{ch}\,p\,\operatorname{th}\,q\! Fehler beim Parsen (SVG (MathML kann über ein Browser-Plugin aktiviert werden): Ungültige Antwort („Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.“) von Server „https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/“:): {\displaystyle \operatorname{sh}\,o\,\operatorname{ch}\,p\,\operatorname{th}\,q\!}
\operatorname{arsinh}\,r\,\operatorname{arcosh}\,s\,\operatorname{artanh}\,t Fehler beim Parsen (SVG (MathML kann über ein Browser-Plugin aktiviert werden): Ungültige Antwort („Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.“) von Server „https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/“:): {\displaystyle \operatorname{arsinh}\,r\,\operatorname{arcosh}\,s\,\operatorname{artanh}\,t\,\!}
\lim u \limsup v \liminf w \min x \max y\! Fehler beim Parsen (SVG (MathML kann über ein Browser-Plugin aktiviert werden): Ungültige Antwort („Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.“) von Server „https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/“:): {\displaystyle \lim u \limsup v \liminf w \min x \max y\!}
\inf z \sup a \exp b \ln c \lg d \log e \log_{10} f \ker g\! Fehler beim Parsen (SVG (MathML kann über ein Browser-Plugin aktiviert werden): Ungültige Antwort („Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.“) von Server „https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/“:): {\displaystyle \inf z \sup a \exp b \ln c \lg d \log e \log_{10} f \ker g\!}
\deg h \gcd i \Pr j \det k \hom l \arg m \dim n Fehler beim Parsen (SVG (MathML kann über ein Browser-Plugin aktiviert werden): Ungültige Antwort („Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.“) von Server „https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/“:): {\displaystyle \deg h \gcd i \Pr j \det k \hom l \arg m \dim n\!}

Modular arithmetic

s_k \equiv 0 \pmod{m} Fehler beim Parsen (SVG (MathML kann über ein Browser-Plugin aktiviert werden): Ungültige Antwort („Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.“) von Server „https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/“:): {\displaystyle s_k \equiv 0 \pmod{m}\,\!}
a\,\bmod\,b Fehler beim Parsen (SVG (MathML kann über ein Browser-Plugin aktiviert werden): Ungültige Antwort („Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.“) von Server „https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/“:): {\displaystyle a\,\bmod\,b\,\!}

Derivatives

\nabla \, \partial x \, dx \, \dot x \, \ddot y\, dy/dx\, \frac{dy}{dx}\, \frac{\partial^2 y}{\partial x_1\,\partial x_2} Fehler beim Parsen (SVG (MathML kann über ein Browser-Plugin aktiviert werden): Ungültige Antwort („Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.“) von Server „https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/“:): {\displaystyle \nabla \, \partial x \, dx \, \dot x \, \ddot y\, dy/dx\, \frac{dy}{dx}\, \frac{\partial^2 y}{\partial x_1\,\partial x_2}}

Sets

\forall \exists \empty \emptyset \varnothing Fehler beim Parsen (SVG (MathML kann über ein Browser-Plugin aktiviert werden): Ungültige Antwort („Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.“) von Server „https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/“:): {\displaystyle \forall \exists \empty \emptyset \varnothing\,\!}
\in \ni \not \in \notin \subset \subseteq \supset \supseteq Fehler beim Parsen (SVG (MathML kann über ein Browser-Plugin aktiviert werden): Ungültige Antwort („Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.“) von Server „https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/“:): {\displaystyle \in \ni \not \in \notin \subset \subseteq \supset \supseteq\,\!}
\cap \bigcap \cup \bigcup \biguplus \setminus \smallsetminus Fehler beim Parsen (SVG (MathML kann über ein Browser-Plugin aktiviert werden): Ungültige Antwort („Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.“) von Server „https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/“:): {\displaystyle \cap \bigcap \cup \bigcup \biguplus \setminus \smallsetminus\,\!}
\sqsubset \sqsubseteq \sqsupset \sqsupseteq \sqcap \sqcup \bigsqcup Fehler beim Parsen (SVG (MathML kann über ein Browser-Plugin aktiviert werden): Ungültige Antwort („Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.“) von Server „https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/“:): {\displaystyle \sqsubset \sqsubseteq \sqsupset \sqsupseteq \sqcap \sqcup \bigsqcup\,\!}

Operators

+ \oplus \bigoplus \pm \mp - Fehler beim Parsen (SVG (MathML kann über ein Browser-Plugin aktiviert werden): Ungültige Antwort („Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.“) von Server „https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/“:): {\displaystyle + \oplus \bigoplus \pm \mp - \,\!}
\times \otimes \bigotimes \cdot \circ \bullet \bigodot Fehler beim Parsen (SVG (MathML kann über ein Browser-Plugin aktiviert werden): Ungültige Antwort („Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.“) von Server „https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/“:): {\displaystyle \times \otimes \bigotimes \cdot \circ \bullet \bigodot\,\!}
\star * / \div \frac{1}{2} Fehler beim Parsen (SVG (MathML kann über ein Browser-Plugin aktiviert werden): Ungültige Antwort („Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.“) von Server „https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/“:): {\displaystyle \star * / \div \frac{1}{2}\,\!}

Logic

\land (or \and) \wedge \bigwedge \bar{q} \to p Fehler beim Parsen (SVG (MathML kann über ein Browser-Plugin aktiviert werden): Ungültige Antwort („Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.“) von Server „https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/“:): {\displaystyle \land \wedge \bigwedge \bar{q} \to p\,\!}
\lor \vee \bigvee \lnot \neg q \And Fehler beim Parsen (SVG (MathML kann über ein Browser-Plugin aktiviert werden): Ungültige Antwort („Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.“) von Server „https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/“:): {\displaystyle \lor \vee \bigvee \lnot \neg q \And\,\!}

Root

\sqrt{2} \sqrt[n]{x} Fehler beim Parsen (SVG (MathML kann über ein Browser-Plugin aktiviert werden): Ungültige Antwort („Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.“) von Server „https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/“:): {\displaystyle \sqrt{2} \sqrt[n]{x}\,\!}

Relations

\sim \approx \simeq \cong \dot= \overset{\underset{\mathrm{def}}{}}{=} Fehler beim Parsen (SVG (MathML kann über ein Browser-Plugin aktiviert werden): Ungültige Antwort („Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.“) von Server „https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/“:): {\displaystyle \sim \approx \simeq \cong \dot= \overset{\underset{\mathrm{def}}{}}{=}\,\!}
\le < \ll \gg \ge > \equiv \not\equiv \ne \mbox{or} \neq \propto Fehler beim Parsen (SVG (MathML kann über ein Browser-Plugin aktiviert werden): Ungültige Antwort („Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.“) von Server „https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/“:): {\displaystyle \le < \ll \gg \ge > \equiv \not\equiv \ne \mbox{or} \neq \propto\,\!}
\geqq \geqslant \eqslantgtr \gtrsim \gtrapprox Fehler beim Parsen (SVG (MathML kann über ein Browser-Plugin aktiviert werden): Ungültige Antwort („Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.“) von Server „https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/“:): {\displaystyle \geqq \geqslant \eqslantgtr \gtrsim \gtrapprox}

Geometric

\Diamond \Box \triangle \angle \perp \mid \nmid \| 45^\circ Fehler beim Parsen (SVG (MathML kann über ein Browser-Plugin aktiviert werden): Ungültige Antwort („Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.“) von Server „https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/“:): {\displaystyle \Diamond \, \Box \, \triangle \, \angle \perp \, \mid \; \nmid \, \| 45^\circ\,\!}

Arrows

\leftarrow (or \gets) \rightarrow (or \to) \nleftarrow \nrightarrow \leftrightarrow \nleftrightarrow \longleftarrow \longrightarrow \longleftrightarrow Fehler beim Parsen (SVG (MathML kann über ein Browser-Plugin aktiviert werden): Ungültige Antwort („Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.“) von Server „https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/“:): {\displaystyle \leftarrow \rightarrow \nleftarrow \nrightarrow \leftrightarrow \nleftrightarrow \longleftarrow \longrightarrow \longleftrightarrow \,\!}
\Leftarrow \Rightarrow \nLeftarrow \nRightarrow \Leftrightarrow \nLeftrightarrow \Longleftarrow \Longrightarrow \Longleftrightarrow (or \iff) Fehler beim Parsen (SVG (MathML kann über ein Browser-Plugin aktiviert werden): Ungültige Antwort („Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.“) von Server „https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/“:): {\displaystyle \Leftarrow \Rightarrow \nLeftarrow \nRightarrow \Leftrightarrow \nLeftrightarrow \Longleftarrow \Longrightarrow \Longleftrightarrow \!}
\uparrow \downarrow \updownarrow \Uparrow \Downarrow \Updownarrow \nearrow \searrow \swarrow \nwarrow Fehler beim Parsen (SVG (MathML kann über ein Browser-Plugin aktiviert werden): Ungültige Antwort („Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.“) von Server „https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/“:): {\displaystyle \uparrow \downarrow \updownarrow \Uparrow \Downarrow \Updownarrow \nearrow \searrow \swarrow \nwarrow \!}
\rightharpoonup \rightharpoondown \leftharpoonup \leftharpoondown \upharpoonleft \upharpoonright \downharpoonleft \downharpoonright \rightleftharpoons \leftrightharpoons Fehler beim Parsen (SVG (MathML kann über ein Browser-Plugin aktiviert werden): Ungültige Antwort („Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.“) von Server „https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/“:): {\displaystyle \rightharpoonup \rightharpoondown \leftharpoonup \leftharpoondown \upharpoonleft \upharpoonright \downharpoonleft \downharpoonright \rightleftharpoons \leftrightharpoons \,\!}
\curvearrowleft \circlearrowleft \Lsh \upuparrows \rightrightarrows \rightleftarrows \Rrightarrow \rightarrowtail \looparrowright Fehler beim Parsen (SVG (MathML kann über ein Browser-Plugin aktiviert werden): Ungültige Antwort („Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.“) von Server „https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/“:): {\displaystyle \curvearrowleft \circlearrowleft \Lsh \upuparrows \rightrightarrows \rightleftarrows \Rrightarrow \rightarrowtail \looparrowright \,\!}
\curvearrowright \circlearrowright \Rsh \downdownarrows \leftleftarrows \leftrightarrows \Lleftarrow \leftarrowtail \looparrowleft Fehler beim Parsen (SVG (MathML kann über ein Browser-Plugin aktiviert werden): Ungültige Antwort („Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.“) von Server „https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/“:): {\displaystyle \curvearrowright \circlearrowright \Rsh \downdownarrows \leftleftarrows \leftrightarrows \Lleftarrow \leftarrowtail \looparrowleft \,\!}
\mapsto \longmapsto \hookrightarrow \hookleftarrow \multimap \leftrightsquigarrow \rightsquigarrow Fehler beim Parsen (SVG (MathML kann über ein Browser-Plugin aktiviert werden): Ungültige Antwort („Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.“) von Server „https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/“:): {\displaystyle \mapsto \longmapsto \hookrightarrow \hookleftarrow \multimap \leftrightsquigarrow \rightsquigarrow \,\!}

Special

\And \eth \S \P \% \dagger \ddagger \ldots \cdots Fehler beim Parsen (SVG (MathML kann über ein Browser-Plugin aktiviert werden): Ungültige Antwort („Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.“) von Server „https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/“:): {\displaystyle \And \eth \S \P \% \dagger \ddagger \ldots \cdots\,\!}
\smile \frown \wr \triangleleft \triangleright \infty \bot \top Fehler beim Parsen (SVG (MathML kann über ein Browser-Plugin aktiviert werden): Ungültige Antwort („Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.“) von Server „https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/“:): {\displaystyle \smile \frown \wr \triangleleft \triangleright \infty \bot \top\,\!}
\vdash \vDash \Vdash \models \lVert \rVert \imath \hbar Fehler beim Parsen (SVG (MathML kann über ein Browser-Plugin aktiviert werden): Ungültige Antwort („Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.“) von Server „https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/“:): {\displaystyle \vdash \vDash \Vdash \models \lVert \rVert \imath \hbar\,\!}
\ell \mho \Finv \Re \Im \wp \complement Fehler beim Parsen (SVG (MathML kann über ein Browser-Plugin aktiviert werden): Ungültige Antwort („Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.“) von Server „https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/“:): {\displaystyle \ell \mho \Finv \Re \Im \wp \complement\,\!}
\diamondsuit \heartsuit \clubsuit \spadesuit \Game \flat \natural \sharp Fehler beim Parsen (SVG (MathML kann über ein Browser-Plugin aktiviert werden): Ungültige Antwort („Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.“) von Server „https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/“:): {\displaystyle \diamondsuit \heartsuit \clubsuit \spadesuit \Game \flat \natural \sharp\,\!}

Unsorted (new stuff)

\vartriangle \triangledown \lozenge \circledS \measuredangle \nexists \Bbbk \backprime \blacktriangle \blacktriangledown Fehler beim Parsen (SVG (MathML kann über ein Browser-Plugin aktiviert werden): Ungültige Antwort („Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.“) von Server „https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/“:): {\displaystyle \vartriangle \triangledown \lozenge \circledS \measuredangle \nexists \Bbbk \backprime \blacktriangle \blacktriangledown}
\blacksquare \blacklozenge \bigstar \sphericalangle \diagup \diagdown \dotplus \Cap \Cup \barwedge Fehler beim Parsen (SVG (MathML kann über ein Browser-Plugin aktiviert werden): Ungültige Antwort („Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.“) von Server „https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/“:): {\displaystyle \blacksquare \blacklozenge \bigstar \sphericalangle \diagup \diagdown \dotplus \Cap \Cup \barwedge\!}
\veebar \doublebarwedge \boxminus \boxtimes \boxdot \boxplus \divideontimes \ltimes \rtimes \leftthreetimes Fehler beim Parsen (SVG (MathML kann über ein Browser-Plugin aktiviert werden): Ungültige Antwort („Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.“) von Server „https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/“:): {\displaystyle \veebar \doublebarwedge \boxminus \boxtimes \boxdot \boxplus \divideontimes \ltimes \rtimes \leftthreetimes}
\rightthreetimes \curlywedge \curlyvee \circleddash \circledast \circledcirc \centerdot \intercal \leqq \leqslant Fehler beim Parsen (SVG (MathML kann über ein Browser-Plugin aktiviert werden): Ungültige Antwort („Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.“) von Server „https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/“:): {\displaystyle \rightthreetimes \curlywedge \curlyvee \circleddash \circledast \circledcirc \centerdot \intercal \leqq \leqslant}
\eqslantless \lessapprox \approxeq \lessdot \lll \lessgtr \lesseqgtr \lesseqqgtr \doteqdot \risingdotseq Fehler beim Parsen (SVG (MathML kann über ein Browser-Plugin aktiviert werden): Ungültige Antwort („Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.“) von Server „https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/“:): {\displaystyle \eqslantless \lessapprox \approxeq \lessdot \lll \lessgtr \lesseqgtr \lesseqqgtr \doteqdot \risingdotseq}
\fallingdotseq \backsim \backsimeq \subseteqq \Subset \preccurlyeq \curlyeqprec \precsim \precapprox \vartriangleleft Fehler beim Parsen (SVG (MathML kann über ein Browser-Plugin aktiviert werden): Ungültige Antwort („Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.“) von Server „https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/“:): {\displaystyle \fallingdotseq \backsim \backsimeq \subseteqq \Subset \preccurlyeq \curlyeqprec \precsim \precapprox \vartriangleleft}
\Vvdash \bumpeq \Bumpeq \eqsim \gtrdot Fehler beim Parsen (SVG (MathML kann über ein Browser-Plugin aktiviert werden): Ungültige Antwort („Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.“) von Server „https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/“:): {\displaystyle \Vvdash \bumpeq \Bumpeq \eqsim \gtrdot}
\ggg \gtrless \gtreqless \gtreqqless \eqcirc \circeq \triangleq \thicksim \thickapprox \supseteqq Fehler beim Parsen (SVG (MathML kann über ein Browser-Plugin aktiviert werden): Ungültige Antwort („Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.“) von Server „https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/“:): {\displaystyle \ggg \gtrless \gtreqless \gtreqqless \eqcirc \circeq \triangleq \thicksim \thickapprox \supseteqq}
\Supset \succcurlyeq \curlyeqsucc \succsim \succapprox \vartriangleright \shortmid \shortparallel \between \pitchfork Fehler beim Parsen (SVG (MathML kann über ein Browser-Plugin aktiviert werden): Ungültige Antwort („Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.“) von Server „https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/“:): {\displaystyle \Supset \succcurlyeq \curlyeqsucc \succsim \succapprox \vartriangleright \shortmid \shortparallel \between \pitchfork}
\varpropto \blacktriangleleft \therefore \backepsilon \blacktriangleright \because \nleqslant \nleqq \lneq \lneqq Fehler beim Parsen (SVG (MathML kann über ein Browser-Plugin aktiviert werden): Ungültige Antwort („Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.“) von Server „https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/“:): {\displaystyle \varpropto \blacktriangleleft \therefore \backepsilon \blacktriangleright \because \nleqslant \nleqq \lneq \lneqq}
\lvertneqq \lnsim \lnapprox \nprec \npreceq \precneqq \precnsim \precnapprox \nsim \nshortmid Fehler beim Parsen (SVG (MathML kann über ein Browser-Plugin aktiviert werden): Ungültige Antwort („Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.“) von Server „https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/“:): {\displaystyle \lvertneqq \lnsim \lnapprox \nprec \npreceq \precneqq \precnsim \precnapprox \nsim \nshortmid}
\nvdash \nVdash \ntriangleleft \ntrianglelefteq \nsubseteq \nsubseteqq \varsubsetneq \subsetneqq \varsubsetneqq \ngtr Fehler beim Parsen (SVG (MathML kann über ein Browser-Plugin aktiviert werden): Ungültige Antwort („Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.“) von Server „https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/“:): {\displaystyle \nvdash \nVdash \ntriangleleft \ntrianglelefteq \nsubseteq \nsubseteqq \varsubsetneq \subsetneqq \varsubsetneqq \ngtr}
\subsetneq Fehler beim Parsen (SVG (MathML kann über ein Browser-Plugin aktiviert werden): Ungültige Antwort („Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.“) von Server „https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/“:): {\displaystyle \subsetneq}
\ngeqslant \ngeqq \gneq \gneqq \gvertneqq \gnsim \gnapprox \nsucc \nsucceq \succneqq Fehler beim Parsen (SVG (MathML kann über ein Browser-Plugin aktiviert werden): Ungültige Antwort („Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.“) von Server „https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/“:): {\displaystyle \ngeqslant \ngeqq \gneq \gneqq \gvertneqq \gnsim \gnapprox \nsucc \nsucceq \succneqq}
\succnsim \succnapprox \ncong \nshortparallel \nparallel \nvDash \nVDash \ntriangleright \ntrianglerighteq \nsupseteq Fehler beim Parsen (SVG (MathML kann über ein Browser-Plugin aktiviert werden): Ungültige Antwort („Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.“) von Server „https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/“:): {\displaystyle \succnsim \succnapprox \ncong \nshortparallel \nparallel \nvDash \nVDash \ntriangleright \ntrianglerighteq \nsupseteq}
\nsupseteqq \varsupsetneq \supsetneqq \varsupsetneqq Fehler beim Parsen (SVG (MathML kann über ein Browser-Plugin aktiviert werden): Ungültige Antwort („Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.“) von Server „https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/“:): {\displaystyle \nsupseteqq \varsupsetneq \supsetneqq \varsupsetneqq}
\jmath \surd \ast \uplus \diamond \bigtriangleup \bigtriangledown \ominus Fehler beim Parsen (SVG (MathML kann über ein Browser-Plugin aktiviert werden): Ungültige Antwort („Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.“) von Server „https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/“:): {\displaystyle \jmath \surd \ast \uplus \diamond \bigtriangleup \bigtriangledown \ominus\,\!}
\oslash \odot \bigcirc \amalg \prec \succ \preceq \succeq Fehler beim Parsen (SVG (MathML kann über ein Browser-Plugin aktiviert werden): Ungültige Antwort („Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.“) von Server „https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/“:): {\displaystyle \oslash \odot \bigcirc \amalg \prec \succ \preceq \succeq\,\!}
\dashv \asymp \doteq \parallel Fehler beim Parsen (SVG (MathML kann über ein Browser-Plugin aktiviert werden): Ungültige Antwort („Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.“) von Server „https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/“:): {\displaystyle \dashv \asymp \doteq \parallel\,\!}
\ulcorner \urcorner \llcorner \lrcorner Fehler beim Parsen (SVG (MathML kann über ein Browser-Plugin aktiviert werden): Ungültige Antwort („Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.“) von Server „https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/“:): {\displaystyle \ulcorner \urcorner \llcorner \lrcorner}

Larger expressions

Subscripts, superscripts, integrals

Feature Syntax How it looks rendered
HTML PNG
Superscript a^2 Fehler beim Parsen (SVG (MathML kann über ein Browser-Plugin aktiviert werden): Ungültige Antwort („Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.“) von Server „https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/“:): {\displaystyle a^2} Fehler beim Parsen (SVG (MathML kann über ein Browser-Plugin aktiviert werden): Ungültige Antwort („Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.“) von Server „https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/“:): {\displaystyle a^2 \,\!}
Subscript a_2 Fehler beim Parsen (SVG (MathML kann über ein Browser-Plugin aktiviert werden): Ungültige Antwort („Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.“) von Server „https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/“:): {\displaystyle a_2} Fehler beim Parsen (SVG (MathML kann über ein Browser-Plugin aktiviert werden): Ungültige Antwort („Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.“) von Server „https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/“:): {\displaystyle a_2 \,\!}
Grouping a^{2+2} Fehler beim Parsen (SVG (MathML kann über ein Browser-Plugin aktiviert werden): Ungültige Antwort („Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.“) von Server „https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/“:): {\displaystyle a^{2+2}} Fehler beim Parsen (SVG (MathML kann über ein Browser-Plugin aktiviert werden): Ungültige Antwort („Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.“) von Server „https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/“:): {\displaystyle a^{2+2}\,\!}
a_{i,j} Fehler beim Parsen (SVG (MathML kann über ein Browser-Plugin aktiviert werden): Ungültige Antwort („Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.“) von Server „https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/“:): {\displaystyle a_{i,j}} Fehler beim Parsen (SVG (MathML kann über ein Browser-Plugin aktiviert werden): Ungültige Antwort („Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.“) von Server „https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/“:): {\displaystyle a_{i,j}\,\!}
Combining sub & super without and with horizontal separation x_2^3 Fehler beim Parsen (SVG (MathML kann über ein Browser-Plugin aktiviert werden): Ungültige Antwort („Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.“) von Server „https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/“:): {\displaystyle x_2^3} Fehler beim Parsen (SVG (MathML kann über ein Browser-Plugin aktiviert werden): Ungültige Antwort („Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.“) von Server „https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/“:): {\displaystyle x_2^3 \,\!}
{x_2}^3 Fehler beim Parsen (SVG (MathML kann über ein Browser-Plugin aktiviert werden): Ungültige Antwort („Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.“) von Server „https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/“:): {\displaystyle {x_2}^3} Fehler beim Parsen (SVG (MathML kann über ein Browser-Plugin aktiviert werden): Ungültige Antwort („Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.“) von Server „https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/“:): {\displaystyle {x_2}^3 \,\!}
Super super 10^{10^{ \,\!{8} } Fehler beim Parsen (SVG (MathML kann über ein Browser-Plugin aktiviert werden): Ungültige Antwort („Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.“) von Server „https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/“:): {\displaystyle 10^{10^{ \,\! 8 } }}
Super super 10^{10^{ \overset{8}{} }} Fehler beim Parsen (SVG (MathML kann über ein Browser-Plugin aktiviert werden): Ungültige Antwort („Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.“) von Server „https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/“:): {\displaystyle 10^{10^{ \overset{8}{} }}}
Super super (wrong in HTML in some browsers) 10^{10^8} Fehler beim Parsen (SVG (MathML kann über ein Browser-Plugin aktiviert werden): Ungültige Antwort („Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.“) von Server „https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/“:): {\displaystyle 10^{10^8}}
Preceding and/or Additional sub & super \sideset{_1^2}{_3^4}\prod_a^b Fehler beim Parsen (SVG (MathML kann über ein Browser-Plugin aktiviert werden): Ungültige Antwort („Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.“) von Server „https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/“:): {\displaystyle \sideset{_1^2}{_3^4}\prod_a^b}
{}_1^2\!\Omega_3^4 Fehler beim Parsen (SVG (MathML kann über ein Browser-Plugin aktiviert werden): Ungültige Antwort („Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.“) von Server „https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/“:): {\displaystyle {}_1^2\!\Omega_3^4}
Stacking \overset{\alpha}{\omega} Fehler beim Parsen (SVG (MathML kann über ein Browser-Plugin aktiviert werden): Ungültige Antwort („Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.“) von Server „https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/“:): {\displaystyle \overset{\alpha}{\omega}}
\underset{\alpha}{\omega} Fehler beim Parsen (SVG (MathML kann über ein Browser-Plugin aktiviert werden): Ungültige Antwort („Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.“) von Server „https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/“:): {\displaystyle \underset{\alpha}{\omega}}
\overset{\alpha}{\underset{\gamma}{\omega}} Fehler beim Parsen (SVG (MathML kann über ein Browser-Plugin aktiviert werden): Ungültige Antwort („Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.“) von Server „https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/“:): {\displaystyle \overset{\alpha}{\underset{\gamma}{\omega}}}
\stackrel{\alpha}{\omega} Fehler beim Parsen (SVG (MathML kann über ein Browser-Plugin aktiviert werden): Ungültige Antwort („Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.“) von Server „https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/“:): {\displaystyle \stackrel{\alpha}{\omega}}
Derivative (forced PNG) x', y'', f', f''\!   Fehler beim Parsen (SVG (MathML kann über ein Browser-Plugin aktiviert werden): Ungültige Antwort („Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.“) von Server „https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/“:): {\displaystyle x', y'', f', f''\!}
Derivative (f in italics may overlap primes in HTML) x', y'', f', f'' Fehler beim Parsen (SVG (MathML kann über ein Browser-Plugin aktiviert werden): Ungültige Antwort („Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.“) von Server „https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/“:): {\displaystyle x', y'', f', f''} Fehler beim Parsen (SVG (MathML kann über ein Browser-Plugin aktiviert werden): Ungültige Antwort („Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.“) von Server „https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/“:): {\displaystyle x', y'', f', f''\!}
Derivative (wrong in HTML) x^\prime, y^{\prime\prime} Fehler beim Parsen (SVG (MathML kann über ein Browser-Plugin aktiviert werden): Ungültige Antwort („Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.“) von Server „https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/“:): {\displaystyle x^\prime, y^{\prime\prime}} Fehler beim Parsen (SVG (MathML kann über ein Browser-Plugin aktiviert werden): Ungültige Antwort („Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.“) von Server „https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/“:): {\displaystyle x^\prime, y^{\prime\prime}\,\!}
Derivative (wrong in PNG) x\prime, y\prime\prime Fehler beim Parsen (SVG (MathML kann über ein Browser-Plugin aktiviert werden): Ungültige Antwort („Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.“) von Server „https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/“:): {\displaystyle x\prime, y\prime\prime} Fehler beim Parsen (SVG (MathML kann über ein Browser-Plugin aktiviert werden): Ungültige Antwort („Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.“) von Server „https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/“:): {\displaystyle x\prime, y\prime\prime\,\!}
Derivative dots \dot{x}, \ddot{x} Fehler beim Parsen (SVG (MathML kann über ein Browser-Plugin aktiviert werden): Ungültige Antwort („Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.“) von Server „https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/“:): {\displaystyle \dot{x}, \ddot{x}}
Underlines, overlines, vectors \hat a \ \bar b \ \vec c Fehler beim Parsen (SVG (MathML kann über ein Browser-Plugin aktiviert werden): Ungültige Antwort („Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.“) von Server „https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/“:): {\displaystyle \hat a \ \bar b \ \vec c}
\overrightarrow{a b} \ \overleftarrow{c d} \ \widehat{d e f} Fehler beim Parsen (SVG (MathML kann über ein Browser-Plugin aktiviert werden): Ungültige Antwort („Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.“) von Server „https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/“:): {\displaystyle \overrightarrow{a b} \ \overleftarrow{c d} \ \widehat{d e f}}
\overline{g h i} \ \underline{j k l} Fehler beim Parsen (SVG (MathML kann über ein Browser-Plugin aktiviert werden): Ungültige Antwort („Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.“) von Server „https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/“:): {\displaystyle \overline{g h i} \ \underline{j k l}}
\not 1 \ \cancel{123} Fehler beim Parsen (SVG (MathML kann über ein Browser-Plugin aktiviert werden): Ungültige Antwort („Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.“) von Server „https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/“:): {\displaystyle \not 1 \ \cancel{123}}
Arrows A \xleftarrow{n+\mu-1} B \xrightarrow[T]{n\pm i-1} C Fehler beim Parsen (SVG (MathML kann über ein Browser-Plugin aktiviert werden): Ungültige Antwort („Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.“) von Server „https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/“:): {\displaystyle A \xleftarrow{n+\mu-1} B \xrightarrow[T]{n\pm i-1} C}
Overbraces \overbrace{ 1+2+\cdots+100 }^{5050} Fehler beim Parsen (SVG (MathML kann über ein Browser-Plugin aktiviert werden): Ungültige Antwort („Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.“) von Server „https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/“:): {\displaystyle \overbrace{ 1+2+\cdots+100 }^{5050}}
Underbraces \underbrace{ a+b+\cdots+z }_{26} Fehler beim Parsen (SVG (MathML kann über ein Browser-Plugin aktiviert werden): Ungültige Antwort („Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.“) von Server „https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/“:): {\displaystyle \underbrace{ a+b+\cdots+z }_{26}}
Sum \sum_{k=1}^N k^2 Fehler beim Parsen (SVG (MathML kann über ein Browser-Plugin aktiviert werden): Ungültige Antwort („Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.“) von Server „https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/“:): {\displaystyle \sum_{k=1}^N k^2}
Sum (force \textstyle) \textstyle \sum_{k=1}^N k^2 Fehler beim Parsen (SVG (MathML kann über ein Browser-Plugin aktiviert werden): Ungültige Antwort („Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.“) von Server „https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/“:): {\displaystyle \textstyle \sum_{k=1}^N k^2}
Product \prod_{i=1}^N x_i Fehler beim Parsen (SVG (MathML kann über ein Browser-Plugin aktiviert werden): Ungültige Antwort („Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.“) von Server „https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/“:): {\displaystyle \prod_{i=1}^N x_i}
Product (force \textstyle) \textstyle \prod_{i=1}^N x_i Fehler beim Parsen (SVG (MathML kann über ein Browser-Plugin aktiviert werden): Ungültige Antwort („Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.“) von Server „https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/“:): {\displaystyle \textstyle \prod_{i=1}^N x_i}
Coproduct \coprod_{i=1}^N x_i Fehler beim Parsen (SVG (MathML kann über ein Browser-Plugin aktiviert werden): Ungültige Antwort („Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.“) von Server „https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/“:): {\displaystyle \coprod_{i=1}^N x_i}
Coproduct (force \textstyle) \textstyle \coprod_{i=1}^N x_i Fehler beim Parsen (SVG (MathML kann über ein Browser-Plugin aktiviert werden): Ungültige Antwort („Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.“) von Server „https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/“:): {\displaystyle \textstyle \coprod_{i=1}^N x_i}
Limit \lim_{n \to \infty}x_n Fehler beim Parsen (SVG (MathML kann über ein Browser-Plugin aktiviert werden): Ungültige Antwort („Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.“) von Server „https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/“:): {\displaystyle \lim_{n \to \infty}x_n}
Limit (force \textstyle) \textstyle \lim_{n \to \infty}x_n Fehler beim Parsen (SVG (MathML kann über ein Browser-Plugin aktiviert werden): Ungültige Antwort („Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.“) von Server „https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/“:): {\displaystyle \textstyle \lim_{n \to \infty}x_n}
Integral \int\limits_{1}^{3}\frac{e^3/x}{x^2}\, dx Fehler beim Parsen (SVG (MathML kann über ein Browser-Plugin aktiviert werden): Ungültige Antwort („Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.“) von Server „https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/“:): {\displaystyle \int\limits_{1}^{3}\frac{e^3/x}{x^2}\, dx}
Integral (alternate limits style) \int_{1}^{3}\frac{e^3/x}{x^2}\, dx Fehler beim Parsen (SVG (MathML kann über ein Browser-Plugin aktiviert werden): Ungültige Antwort („Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.“) von Server „https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/“:): {\displaystyle \int_{1}^{3}\frac{e^3/x}{x^2}\, dx}
Integral (force \textstyle) \textstyle \int\limits_{-N}^{N} e^x\, dx Fehler beim Parsen (SVG (MathML kann über ein Browser-Plugin aktiviert werden): Ungültige Antwort („Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.“) von Server „https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/“:): {\displaystyle \textstyle \int\limits_{-N}^{N} e^x\, dx}
Integral (force \textstyle, alternate limits style) \textstyle \int_{-N}^{N} e^x\, dx Fehler beim Parsen (SVG (MathML kann über ein Browser-Plugin aktiviert werden): Ungültige Antwort („Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.“) von Server „https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/“:): {\displaystyle \textstyle \int_{-N}^{N} e^x\, dx}
Double integral \iint\limits_D \, dx\,dy Fehler beim Parsen (SVG (MathML kann über ein Browser-Plugin aktiviert werden): Ungültige Antwort („Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.“) von Server „https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/“:): {\displaystyle \iint\limits_D \, dx\,dy}
Triple integral \iiint\limits_E \, dx\,dy\,dz Fehler beim Parsen (SVG (MathML kann über ein Browser-Plugin aktiviert werden): Ungültige Antwort („Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.“) von Server „https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/“:): {\displaystyle \iiint\limits_E \, dx\,dy\,dz}
Quadruple integral \iiiint\limits_F \, dx\,dy\,dz\,dt Fehler beim Parsen (SVG (MathML kann über ein Browser-Plugin aktiviert werden): Ungültige Antwort („Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.“) von Server „https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/“:): {\displaystyle \iiiint\limits_F \, dx\,dy\,dz\,dt}
Line or path integral \int_C x^3\, dx + 4y^2\, dy Fehler beim Parsen (SVG (MathML kann über ein Browser-Plugin aktiviert werden): Ungültige Antwort („Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.“) von Server „https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/“:): {\displaystyle \int_C x^3\, dx + 4y^2\, dy}
Closed line or path integral \oint_C x^3\, dx + 4y^2\, dy Fehler beim Parsen (SVG (MathML kann über ein Browser-Plugin aktiviert werden): Ungültige Antwort („Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.“) von Server „https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/“:): {\displaystyle \oint_C x^3\, dx + 4y^2\, dy}
Intersections \bigcap_1^n p Fehler beim Parsen (SVG (MathML kann über ein Browser-Plugin aktiviert werden): Ungültige Antwort („Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.“) von Server „https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/“:): {\displaystyle \bigcap_1^n p}
Unions \bigcup_1^k p Fehler beim Parsen (SVG (MathML kann über ein Browser-Plugin aktiviert werden): Ungültige Antwort („Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.“) von Server „https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/“:): {\displaystyle \bigcup_1^k p}

Fractions, matrices, multilines

Feature Syntax How it looks rendered
Fractions \frac{1}{2}=0.5 Fehler beim Parsen (SVG (MathML kann über ein Browser-Plugin aktiviert werden): Ungültige Antwort („Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.“) von Server „https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/“:): {\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}=0.5}
Small Fractions \tfrac{1}{2} = 0.5 Fehler beim Parsen (SVG (MathML kann über ein Browser-Plugin aktiviert werden): Ungültige Antwort („Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.“) von Server „https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/“:): {\displaystyle \tfrac{1}{2} = 0.5}
Large (normal) Fractions \dfrac{k}{k-1} = 0.5 \qquad \dfrac{2}{c + \dfrac{2}{d + \dfrac{1}{2}}} = a Fehler beim Parsen (SVG (MathML kann über ein Browser-Plugin aktiviert werden): Ungültige Antwort („Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.“) von Server „https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/“:): {\displaystyle \dfrac{k}{k-1} = 0.5 \qquad \dfrac{2}{c + \dfrac{2}{d + \dfrac{1}{2}}} = a}
Large (nested) Fractions \cfrac{2}{c + \cfrac{2}{d + \cfrac{1}{2}}} = a Fehler beim Parsen (SVG (MathML kann über ein Browser-Plugin aktiviert werden): Ungültige Antwort („Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.“) von Server „https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/“:): {\displaystyle \cfrac{2}{c + \cfrac{2}{d + \cfrac{1}{2}}} = a}
Binomial coefficients \binom{n}{k} Fehler beim Parsen (SVG (MathML kann über ein Browser-Plugin aktiviert werden): Ungültige Antwort („Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.“) von Server „https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/“:): {\displaystyle \binom{n}{k}}
Small Binomial coefficients \tbinom{n}{k} Fehler beim Parsen (SVG (MathML kann über ein Browser-Plugin aktiviert werden): Ungültige Antwort („Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.“) von Server „https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/“:): {\displaystyle \tbinom{n}{k}}
Large (normal) Binomial coefficients \dbinom{n}{k} Fehler beim Parsen (SVG (MathML kann über ein Browser-Plugin aktiviert werden): Ungültige Antwort („Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.“) von Server „https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/“:): {\displaystyle \dbinom{n}{k}}
Matrices 
\begin{matrix}
x & y \\
z & v 
\end{matrix}
 Fehler beim Parsen (SVG (MathML kann über ein Browser-Plugin aktiviert werden): Ungültige Antwort („Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.“) von Server „https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/“:): {\displaystyle \begin{matrix} x & y \\ z & v \end{matrix}} 
\begin{vmatrix}
x & y \\
z & v 
\end{vmatrix}
 Fehler beim Parsen (SVG (MathML kann über ein Browser-Plugin aktiviert werden): Ungültige Antwort („Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.“) von Server „https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/“:): {\displaystyle \begin{vmatrix} x & y \\ z & v \end{vmatrix}} 
\begin{Vmatrix}
x & y \\
z & v
\end{Vmatrix}
 Fehler beim Parsen (SVG (MathML kann über ein Browser-Plugin aktiviert werden): Ungültige Antwort („Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.“) von Server „https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/“:): {\displaystyle \begin{Vmatrix} x & y \\ z & v \end{Vmatrix}} 
\begin{bmatrix}
0      & \cdots & 0      \\
\vdots & \ddots & \vdots \\ 
0      & \cdots & 0
\end{bmatrix}
 Fehler beim Parsen (SVG (MathML kann über ein Browser-Plugin aktiviert werden): Ungültige Antwort („Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.“) von Server „https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/“:): {\displaystyle \begin{bmatrix} 0 & \cdots & 0 \\ \vdots & \ddots & \vdots \\ 0 & \cdots & 0\end{bmatrix} } 
\begin{Bmatrix}
x & y \\
z & v
\end{Bmatrix}
 Fehler beim Parsen (SVG (MathML kann über ein Browser-Plugin aktiviert werden): Ungültige Antwort („Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.“) von Server „https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/“:): {\displaystyle \begin{Bmatrix} x & y \\ z & v \end{Bmatrix}} 
\begin{pmatrix}
x & y \\
z & v 
\end{pmatrix}
 Fehler beim Parsen (SVG (MathML kann über ein Browser-Plugin aktiviert werden): Ungültige Antwort („Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.“) von Server „https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/“:): {\displaystyle \begin{pmatrix} x & y \\ z & v \end{pmatrix}} 
\bigl( \begin{smallmatrix}
a&b\\ c&d
\end{smallmatrix} \bigr)
Fehler beim Parsen (SVG (MathML kann über ein Browser-Plugin aktiviert werden): Ungültige Antwort („Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.“) von Server „https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/“:): {\displaystyle \bigl( \begin{smallmatrix} a&b\\ c&d \end{smallmatrix} \bigr) }
Case distinctions 
f(n) = 
\begin{cases} 
n/2,  & \mbox{if }n\mbox{ is even} \\
3n+1, & \mbox{if }n\mbox{ is odd} 
\end{cases}
 Fehler beim Parsen (SVG (MathML kann über ein Browser-Plugin aktiviert werden): Ungültige Antwort („Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.“) von Server „https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/“:): {\displaystyle f(n) = \begin{cases} n/2, & \mbox{if }n\mbox{ is even} \\ 3n+1, & \mbox{if }n\mbox{ is odd} \end{cases} }
Multiline equations 
\begin{align}
f(x) & = (a+b)^2 \\
& = a^2+2ab+b^2 \\
\end{align}
Fehler beim Parsen (SVG (MathML kann über ein Browser-Plugin aktiviert werden): Ungültige Antwort („Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.“) von Server „https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/“:): {\displaystyle \begin{align} f(x) & = (a+b)^2 \\ & = a^2+2ab+b^2 \\ \end{align} } 
\begin{alignat}{2}
f(x) & = (a-b)^2 \\
& = a^2-2ab+b^2 \\
\end{alignat}
Fehler beim Parsen (SVG (MathML kann über ein Browser-Plugin aktiviert werden): Ungültige Antwort („Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.“) von Server „https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/“:): {\displaystyle \begin{alignat}{2} f(x) & = (a-b)^2 \\ & = a^2-2ab+b^2 \\ \end{alignat} }
Multiline equations (must define number of colums used ({lcr}) (should not be used unless needed) 
\begin{array}{lcl}
z        & = & a \\
f(x,y,z) & = & x + y + z  
\end{array}
 Fehler beim Parsen (SVG (MathML kann über ein Browser-Plugin aktiviert werden): Ungültige Antwort („Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.“) von Server „https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/“:): {\displaystyle \begin{array}{lcl} z & = & a \\ f(x,y,z) & = & x + y + z \end{array}}
Multiline equations (more) 
\begin{array}{lcr}
z        & = & a \\
f(x,y,z) & = & x + y + z     
\end{array}
 Fehler beim Parsen (SVG (MathML kann über ein Browser-Plugin aktiviert werden): Ungültige Antwort („Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.“) von Server „https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/“:): {\displaystyle \begin{array}{lcr} z & = & a \\ f(x,y,z) & = & x + y + z \end{array}}
Breaking up a long expression so that it wraps when necessary. 
<math>f(x) = \sum_{n=0}^\infty a_n x^n </math>
<math>= a_0+a_1x+a_2x^2+\cdots</math>
 Fehler beim Parsen (SVG (MathML kann über ein Browser-Plugin aktiviert werden): Ungültige Antwort („Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.“) von Server „https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/“:): {\displaystyle f(x) = \sum_{n=0}^\infty a_n x^n } Fehler beim Parsen (SVG (MathML kann über ein Browser-Plugin aktiviert werden): Ungültige Antwort („Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.“) von Server „https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/“:): {\displaystyle = a_0 +a_1x+a_2x^2+\cdots}
Simultaneous equations 
\begin{cases}
3x + 5y +  z \\
7x - 2y + 4z \\
-6x + 3y + 2z 
\end{cases}
 Fehler beim Parsen (SVG (MathML kann über ein Browser-Plugin aktiviert werden): Ungültige Antwort („Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.“) von Server „https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/“:): {\displaystyle \begin{cases} 3x + 5y + z \\ 7x - 2y + 4z \\ -6x + 3y + 2z \end{cases}}
Arrays 
\begin{array}{|c|c||c|} a & b & S \\
\hline
0&0&1\\
0&1&1\\
1&0&1\\
1&1&0\\
\end{array}
Fehler beim Parsen (SVG (MathML kann über ein Browser-Plugin aktiviert werden): Ungültige Antwort („Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.“) von Server „https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/“:): {\displaystyle \begin{array}{|c|c||c|} a & b & S \\ \hline 0&0&1\\ 0&1&1\\ 1&0&1\\ 1&1&0\\ \end{array} }

Parenthesizing big expressions, brackets, bars

Feature Syntax How it looks rendered
Bad ( \frac{1}{2} ) Fehler beim Parsen (SVG (MathML kann über ein Browser-Plugin aktiviert werden): Ungültige Antwort („Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.“) von Server „https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/“:): {\displaystyle ( \frac{1}{2} )}
Good \left ( \frac{1}{2} \right ) Fehler beim Parsen (SVG (MathML kann über ein Browser-Plugin aktiviert werden): Ungültige Antwort („Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.“) von Server „https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/“:): {\displaystyle \left ( \frac{1}{2} \right )}

You can use various delimiters with \left and \right:

Feature Syntax How it looks rendered
Parentheses \left ( \frac{a}{b} \right ) Fehler beim Parsen (SVG (MathML kann über ein Browser-Plugin aktiviert werden): Ungültige Antwort („Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.“) von Server „https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/“:): {\displaystyle \left ( \frac{a}{b} \right )}
Brackets \left [ \frac{a}{b} \right ] \quad \left \lbrack \frac{a}{b} \right \rbrack Fehler beim Parsen (SVG (MathML kann über ein Browser-Plugin aktiviert werden): Ungültige Antwort („Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.“) von Server „https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/“:): {\displaystyle \left [ \frac{a}{b} \right ] \quad \left \lbrack \frac{a}{b} \right \rbrack}
Braces \left \{ \frac{a}{b} \right \} \quad \left \lbrace \frac{a}{b} \right \rbrace Fehler beim Parsen (SVG (MathML kann über ein Browser-Plugin aktiviert werden): Ungültige Antwort („Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.“) von Server „https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/“:): {\displaystyle \left \{ \frac{a}{b} \right \} \quad \left \lbrace \frac{a}{b} \right \rbrace}
Angle brackets \left \langle \frac{a}{b} \right \rangle Fehler beim Parsen (SVG (MathML kann über ein Browser-Plugin aktiviert werden): Ungültige Antwort („Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.“) von Server „https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/“:): {\displaystyle \left \langle \frac{a}{b} \right \rangle}
Bars and double bars \left | \frac{a}{b} \right \vert \left \Vert \frac{c}{d} \right \| Fehler beim Parsen (SVG (MathML kann über ein Browser-Plugin aktiviert werden): Ungültige Antwort („Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.“) von Server „https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/“:): {\displaystyle \left | \frac{a}{b} \right \vert \left \Vert \frac{c}{d} \right \|}
Floor and ceiling functions: \left \lfloor \frac{a}{b} \right \rfloor \left \lceil \frac{c}{d} \right \rceil Fehler beim Parsen (SVG (MathML kann über ein Browser-Plugin aktiviert werden): Ungültige Antwort („Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.“) von Server „https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/“:): {\displaystyle \left \lfloor \frac{a}{b} \right \rfloor \left \lceil \frac{c}{d} \right \rceil}
Slashes and backslashes \left / \frac{a}{b} \right \backslash Fehler beim Parsen (SVG (MathML kann über ein Browser-Plugin aktiviert werden): Ungültige Antwort („Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.“) von Server „https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/“:): {\displaystyle \left / \frac{a}{b} \right \backslash}
Up, down and up-down arrows \left \uparrow \frac{a}{b} \right \downarrow \quad \left \Uparrow \frac{a}{b} \right \Downarrow \quad \left \updownarrow \frac{a}{b} \right \Updownarrow Fehler beim Parsen (SVG (MathML kann über ein Browser-Plugin aktiviert werden): Ungültige Antwort („Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.“) von Server „https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/“:): {\displaystyle \left \uparrow \frac{a}{b} \right \downarrow \quad \left \Uparrow \frac{a}{b} \right \Downarrow \quad \left \updownarrow \frac{a}{b} \right \Updownarrow}
Delimiters can be mixed,
as long as \left and \right match 		\left [ 0,1 \right )</code> <br/> <code>\left \langle \psi \right | Fehler beim Parsen (SVG (MathML kann über ein Browser-Plugin aktiviert werden): Ungültige Antwort („Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.“) von Server „https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/“:): {\displaystyle \left [ 0,1 \right )}
Fehler beim Parsen (SVG (MathML kann über ein Browser-Plugin aktiviert werden): Ungültige Antwort („Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.“) von Server „https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/“:): {\displaystyle \left \langle \psi \right |}
Use \left. and \right. if you don't
want a delimiter to appear: 		\left . \frac{A}{B} \right \} \to X Fehler beim Parsen (SVG (MathML kann über ein Browser-Plugin aktiviert werden): Ungültige Antwort („Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.“) von Server „https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/“:): {\displaystyle \left . \frac{A}{B} \right \} \to X}
Size of the delimiters \big( \Big( \bigg( \Bigg( \dots \Bigg] \bigg] \Big] \big]/ Fehler beim Parsen (SVG (MathML kann über ein Browser-Plugin aktiviert werden): Ungültige Antwort („Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.“) von Server „https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/“:): {\displaystyle \big( \Big( \bigg( \Bigg( \dots \Bigg] \bigg] \Big] \big]}
\big\{ \Big\{ \bigg\{ \Bigg\{ \dots \Bigg\rangle \bigg\rangle \Big\rangle \big\rangle Fehler beim Parsen (SVG (MathML kann über ein Browser-Plugin aktiviert werden): Ungültige Antwort („Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.“) von Server „https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/“:): {\displaystyle \big\{ \Big\{ \bigg\{ \Bigg\{ \dots \Bigg\rangle \bigg\rangle \Big\rangle \big\rangle}
\big\| \Big\| \bigg\| \Bigg\| \dots \Bigg| \bigg| \Big| \big| Fehler beim Parsen (SVG (MathML kann über ein Browser-Plugin aktiviert werden): Ungültige Antwort („Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.“) von Server „https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/“:): {\displaystyle \big\| \Big\| \bigg\| \Bigg\| \dots \Bigg| \bigg| \Big| \big|}
\big\lfloor \Big\lfloor \bigg\lfloor \Bigg\lfloor \dots \Bigg\rceil \bigg\rceil \Big\rceil \big\rceil Fehler beim Parsen (SVG (MathML kann über ein Browser-Plugin aktiviert werden): Ungültige Antwort („Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.“) von Server „https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/“:): {\displaystyle \big\lfloor \Big\lfloor \bigg\lfloor \Bigg\lfloor \dots \Bigg\rceil \bigg\rceil \Big\rceil \big\rceil}
\big\uparrow \Big\uparrow \bigg\uparrow \Bigg\uparrow \dots \Bigg\Downarrow \bigg\Downarrow \Big\Downarrow \big\Downarrow Fehler beim Parsen (SVG (MathML kann über ein Browser-Plugin aktiviert werden): Ungültige Antwort („Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.“) von Server „https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/“:): {\displaystyle \big\uparrow \Big\uparrow \bigg\uparrow \Bigg\uparrow \dots \Bigg\Downarrow \bigg\Downarrow \Big\Downarrow \big\Downarrow}
\big\updownarrow \Big\updownarrow \bigg\updownarrow \Bigg\updownarrow \dots \Bigg\Updownarrow \bigg\Updownarrow \Big\Updownarrow \big\Updownarrow Fehler beim Parsen (SVG (MathML kann über ein Browser-Plugin aktiviert werden): Ungültige Antwort („Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.“) von Server „https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/“:): {\displaystyle \big\updownarrow \Big\updownarrow \bigg\updownarrow \Bigg\updownarrow \dots \Bigg\Updownarrow \bigg\Updownarrow \Big\Updownarrow \big\Updownarrow}
\big / \Big / \bigg / \Bigg / \dots \Bigg\backslash \bigg\backslash \Big\backslash \big\backslash Fehler beim Parsen (SVG (MathML kann über ein Browser-Plugin aktiviert werden): Ungültige Antwort („Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.“) von Server „https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/“:): {\displaystyle \big / \Big / \bigg / \Bigg / \dots \Bigg\backslash \bigg\backslash \Big\backslash \big\backslash}

Alphabets and typefaces

Texvc cannot render arbitrary Unicode characters. Those it can handle can be entered by the expressions below. For others, such as Cyrillic, they can be entered as Unicode or HTML entities in running text, but cannot be used in displayed formulas.

Greek alphabet
\Alpha \Beta \Gamma \Delta \Epsilon \Zeta Fehler beim Parsen (SVG (MathML kann über ein Browser-Plugin aktiviert werden): Ungültige Antwort („Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.“) von Server „https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/“:): {\displaystyle \Alpha \Beta \Gamma \Delta \Epsilon \Zeta \,\!}
\Eta \Theta \Iota \Kappa \Lambda \Mu Fehler beim Parsen (SVG (MathML kann über ein Browser-Plugin aktiviert werden): Ungültige Antwort („Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.“) von Server „https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/“:): {\displaystyle \Eta \Theta \Iota \Kappa \Lambda \Mu \,\!}
\Nu \Xi \Pi \Rho \Sigma \Tau Fehler beim Parsen (SVG (MathML kann über ein Browser-Plugin aktiviert werden): Ungültige Antwort („Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.“) von Server „https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/“:): {\displaystyle \Nu \Xi \Pi \Rho \Sigma \Tau\,\!}
\Upsilon \Phi \Chi \Psi \Omega Fehler beim Parsen (SVG (MathML kann über ein Browser-Plugin aktiviert werden): Ungültige Antwort („Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.“) von Server „https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/“:): {\displaystyle \Upsilon \Phi \Chi \Psi \Omega \,\!}
\alpha \beta \gamma \delta \epsilon \zeta Fehler beim Parsen (SVG (MathML kann über ein Browser-Plugin aktiviert werden): Ungültige Antwort („Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.“) von Server „https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/“:): {\displaystyle \alpha \beta \gamma \delta \epsilon \zeta \,\!}
\eta \theta \iota \kappa \lambda \mu Fehler beim Parsen (SVG (MathML kann über ein Browser-Plugin aktiviert werden): Ungültige Antwort („Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.“) von Server „https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/“:): {\displaystyle \eta \theta \iota \kappa \lambda \mu \,\!}
\nu \xi \pi \rho \sigma \tau Fehler beim Parsen (SVG (MathML kann über ein Browser-Plugin aktiviert werden): Ungültige Antwort („Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.“) von Server „https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/“:): {\displaystyle \nu \xi \pi \rho \sigma \tau \,\!}
\upsilon \phi \chi \psi \omega Fehler beim Parsen (SVG (MathML kann über ein Browser-Plugin aktiviert werden): Ungültige Antwort („Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.“) von Server „https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/“:): {\displaystyle \upsilon \phi \chi \psi \omega \,\!}
\varepsilon \digamma \vartheta \varkappa Fehler beim Parsen (SVG (MathML kann über ein Browser-Plugin aktiviert werden): Ungültige Antwort („Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.“) von Server „https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/“:): {\displaystyle \varepsilon \digamma \vartheta \varkappa \,\!}
\varpi \varrho \varsigma \varphi Fehler beim Parsen (SVG (MathML kann über ein Browser-Plugin aktiviert werden): Ungültige Antwort („Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.“) von Server „https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/“:): {\displaystyle \varpi \varrho \varsigma \varphi\,\!}
Blackboard Bold/Scripts
\mathbb{A} \mathbb{B} \mathbb{C} \mathbb{D} \mathbb{E} \mathbb{F} \mathbb{G} Fehler beim Parsen (SVG (MathML kann über ein Browser-Plugin aktiviert werden): Ungültige Antwort („Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.“) von Server „https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/“:): {\displaystyle \mathbb{A} \mathbb{B} \mathbb{C} \mathbb{D} \mathbb{E} \mathbb{F} \mathbb{G} \,\!}
\mathbb{H} \mathbb{I} \mathbb{J} \mathbb{K} \mathbb{L} \mathbb{M} Fehler beim Parsen (SVG (MathML kann über ein Browser-Plugin aktiviert werden): Ungültige Antwort („Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.“) von Server „https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/“:): {\displaystyle \mathbb{H} \mathbb{I} \mathbb{J} \mathbb{K} \mathbb{L} \mathbb{M} \,\!}
\mathbb{N} \mathbb{O} \mathbb{P} \mathbb{Q} \mathbb{R} \mathbb{S} \mathbb{T} Fehler beim Parsen (SVG (MathML kann über ein Browser-Plugin aktiviert werden): Ungültige Antwort („Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.“) von Server „https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/“:): {\displaystyle \mathbb{N} \mathbb{O} \mathbb{P} \mathbb{Q} \mathbb{R} \mathbb{S} \mathbb{T} \,\!}
\mathbb{U} \mathbb{V} \mathbb{W} \mathbb{X} \mathbb{Y} \mathbb{Z} Fehler beim Parsen (SVG (MathML kann über ein Browser-Plugin aktiviert werden): Ungültige Antwort („Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.“) von Server „https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/“:): {\displaystyle \mathbb{U} \mathbb{V} \mathbb{W} \mathbb{X} \mathbb{Y} \mathbb{Z}\,\!}
\C \N \Q \R \Z Fehler beim Parsen (SVG (MathML kann über ein Browser-Plugin aktiviert werden): Ungültige Antwort („Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.“) von Server „https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/“:): {\displaystyle \C \N \Q \R \Z}
boldface (vectors)
\mathbf{A} \mathbf{B} \mathbf{C} \mathbf{D} \mathbf{E} \mathbf{F} \mathbf{G} Fehler beim Parsen (SVG (MathML kann über ein Browser-Plugin aktiviert werden): Ungültige Antwort („Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.“) von Server „https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/“:): {\displaystyle \mathbf{A} \mathbf{B} \mathbf{C} \mathbf{D} \mathbf{E} \mathbf{F} \mathbf{G} \,\!}
\mathbf{H} \mathbf{I} \mathbf{J} \mathbf{K} \mathbf{L} \mathbf{M} Fehler beim Parsen (SVG (MathML kann über ein Browser-Plugin aktiviert werden): Ungültige Antwort („Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.“) von Server „https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/“:): {\displaystyle \mathbf{H} \mathbf{I} \mathbf{J} \mathbf{K} \mathbf{L} \mathbf{M} \,\!}
\mathbf{N} \mathbf{O} \mathbf{P} \mathbf{Q} \mathbf{R} \mathbf{S} \mathbf{T} Fehler beim Parsen (SVG (MathML kann über ein Browser-Plugin aktiviert werden): Ungültige Antwort („Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.“) von Server „https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/“:): {\displaystyle \mathbf{N} \mathbf{O} \mathbf{P} \mathbf{Q} \mathbf{R} \mathbf{S} \mathbf{T} \,\!}
\mathbf{U} \mathbf{V} \mathbf{W} \mathbf{X} \mathbf{Y} \mathbf{Z} Fehler beim Parsen (SVG (MathML kann über ein Browser-Plugin aktiviert werden): Ungültige Antwort („Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.“) von Server „https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/“:): {\displaystyle \mathbf{U} \mathbf{V} \mathbf{W} \mathbf{X} \mathbf{Y} \mathbf{Z} \,\!}
\mathbf{a} \mathbf{b} \mathbf{c} \mathbf{d} \mathbf{e} \mathbf{f} \mathbf{g} Fehler beim Parsen (SVG (MathML kann über ein Browser-Plugin aktiviert werden): Ungültige Antwort („Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.“) von Server „https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/“:): {\displaystyle \mathbf{a} \mathbf{b} \mathbf{c} \mathbf{d} \mathbf{e} \mathbf{f} \mathbf{g} \,\!}
\mathbf{h} \mathbf{i} \mathbf{j} \mathbf{k} \mathbf{l} \mathbf{m} Fehler beim Parsen (SVG (MathML kann über ein Browser-Plugin aktiviert werden): Ungültige Antwort („Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.“) von Server „https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/“:): {\displaystyle \mathbf{h} \mathbf{i} \mathbf{j} \mathbf{k} \mathbf{l} \mathbf{m} \,\!}
\mathbf{n} \mathbf{o} \mathbf{p} \mathbf{q} \mathbf{r} \mathbf{s} \mathbf{t} Fehler beim Parsen (SVG (MathML kann über ein Browser-Plugin aktiviert werden): Ungültige Antwort („Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.“) von Server „https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/“:): {\displaystyle \mathbf{n} \mathbf{o} \mathbf{p} \mathbf{q} \mathbf{r} \mathbf{s} \mathbf{t} \,\!}
\mathbf{u} \mathbf{v} \mathbf{w} \mathbf{x} \mathbf{y} \mathbf{z} Fehler beim Parsen (SVG (MathML kann über ein Browser-Plugin aktiviert werden): Ungültige Antwort („Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.“) von Server „https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/“:): {\displaystyle \mathbf{u} \mathbf{v} \mathbf{w} \mathbf{x} \mathbf{y} \mathbf{z} \,\!}
\mathbf{0} \mathbf{1} \mathbf{2} \mathbf{3} \mathbf{4} Fehler beim Parsen (SVG (MathML kann über ein Browser-Plugin aktiviert werden): Ungültige Antwort („Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.“) von Server „https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/“:): {\displaystyle \mathbf{0} \mathbf{1} \mathbf{2} \mathbf{3} \mathbf{4} \,\!}
\mathbf{5} \mathbf{6} \mathbf{7} \mathbf{8} \mathbf{9} Fehler beim Parsen (SVG (MathML kann über ein Browser-Plugin aktiviert werden): Ungültige Antwort („Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.“) von Server „https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/“:): {\displaystyle \mathbf{5} \mathbf{6} \mathbf{7} \mathbf{8} \mathbf{9}\,\!}
Boldface (greek)
\boldsymbol{\Alpha} \boldsymbol{\Beta} \boldsymbol{\Gamma} \boldsymbol{\Delta} \boldsymbol{\Epsilon} \boldsymbol{\Zeta} Fehler beim Parsen (SVG (MathML kann über ein Browser-Plugin aktiviert werden): Ungültige Antwort („Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.“) von Server „https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/“:): {\displaystyle \boldsymbol{\Alpha} \boldsymbol{\Beta} \boldsymbol{\Gamma} \boldsymbol{\Delta} \boldsymbol{\Epsilon} \boldsymbol{\Zeta} \,\!}
\boldsymbol{\Eta} \boldsymbol{\Theta} \boldsymbol{\Iota} \boldsymbol{\Kappa} \boldsymbol{\Lambda} \boldsymbol{\Mu} Fehler beim Parsen (SVG (MathML kann über ein Browser-Plugin aktiviert werden): Ungültige Antwort („Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.“) von Server „https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/“:): {\displaystyle \boldsymbol{\Eta} \boldsymbol{\Theta} \boldsymbol{\Iota} \boldsymbol{\Kappa} \boldsymbol{\Lambda} \boldsymbol{\Mu}\,\!}
\boldsymbol{\Nu} \boldsymbol{\Xi} \boldsymbol{\Pi} \boldsymbol{\Rho} \boldsymbol{\Sigma} \boldsymbol{\Tau} Fehler beim Parsen (SVG (MathML kann über ein Browser-Plugin aktiviert werden): Ungültige Antwort („Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.“) von Server „https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/“:): {\displaystyle \boldsymbol{\Nu} \boldsymbol{\Xi} \boldsymbol{\Pi} \boldsymbol{\Rho} \boldsymbol{\Sigma} \boldsymbol{\Tau}\,\!}
\boldsymbol{\Upsilon} \boldsymbol{\Phi} \boldsymbol{\Chi} \boldsymbol{\Psi} \boldsymbol{\Omega} Fehler beim Parsen (SVG (MathML kann über ein Browser-Plugin aktiviert werden): Ungültige Antwort („Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.“) von Server „https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/“:): {\displaystyle \boldsymbol{\Upsilon} \boldsymbol{\Phi} \boldsymbol{\Chi} \boldsymbol{\Psi} \boldsymbol{\Omega}\,\!}
\boldsymbol{\alpha} \boldsymbol{\beta} \boldsymbol{\gamma} \boldsymbol{\delta} \boldsymbol{\epsilon} \boldsymbol{\zeta} Fehler beim Parsen (SVG (MathML kann über ein Browser-Plugin aktiviert werden): Ungültige Antwort („Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.“) von Server „https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/“:): {\displaystyle \boldsymbol{\alpha} \boldsymbol{\beta} \boldsymbol{\gamma} \boldsymbol{\delta} \boldsymbol{\epsilon} \boldsymbol{\zeta}\,\!}
\boldsymbol{\eta} \boldsymbol{\theta} \boldsymbol{\iota} \boldsymbol{\kappa} \boldsymbol{\lambda} \boldsymbol{\mu} Fehler beim Parsen (SVG (MathML kann über ein Browser-Plugin aktiviert werden): Ungültige Antwort („Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.“) von Server „https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/“:): {\displaystyle \boldsymbol{\eta} \boldsymbol{\theta} \boldsymbol{\iota} \boldsymbol{\kappa} \boldsymbol{\lambda} \boldsymbol{\mu}\,\!}
\boldsymbol{\nu} \boldsymbol{\xi} \boldsymbol{\pi} \boldsymbol{\rho} \boldsymbol{\sigma} \boldsymbol{\tau} Fehler beim Parsen (SVG (MathML kann über ein Browser-Plugin aktiviert werden): Ungültige Antwort („Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.“) von Server „https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/“:): {\displaystyle \boldsymbol{\nu} \boldsymbol{\xi} \boldsymbol{\pi} \boldsymbol{\rho} \boldsymbol{\sigma} \boldsymbol{\tau}\,\!}
\boldsymbol{\upsilon} \boldsymbol{\phi} \boldsymbol{\chi} \boldsymbol{\psi} \boldsymbol{\omega} Fehler beim Parsen (SVG (MathML kann über ein Browser-Plugin aktiviert werden): Ungültige Antwort („Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.“) von Server „https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/“:): {\displaystyle \boldsymbol{\upsilon} \boldsymbol{\phi} \boldsymbol{\chi} \boldsymbol{\psi} \boldsymbol{\omega}\,\!}
\boldsymbol{\varepsilon} \boldsymbol{\digamma} \boldsymbol{\vartheta} \boldsymbol{\varkappa} Fehler beim Parsen (SVG (MathML kann über ein Browser-Plugin aktiviert werden): Ungültige Antwort („Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.“) von Server „https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/“:): {\displaystyle \boldsymbol{\varepsilon} \boldsymbol{\digamma} \boldsymbol{\vartheta} \boldsymbol{\varkappa} \,\!}
\boldsymbol{\varpi} \boldsymbol{\varrho} \boldsymbol{\varsigma} \boldsymbol{\varphi} Fehler beim Parsen (SVG (MathML kann über ein Browser-Plugin aktiviert werden): Ungültige Antwort („Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.“) von Server „https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/“:): {\displaystyle \boldsymbol{\varpi} \boldsymbol{\varrho} \boldsymbol{\varsigma} \boldsymbol{\varphi}\,\!}
Italics
\mathit{A} \mathit{B} \mathit{C} \mathit{D} \mathit{E} \mathit{F} \mathit{G} Fehler beim Parsen (SVG (MathML kann über ein Browser-Plugin aktiviert werden): Ungültige Antwort („Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.“) von Server „https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/“:): {\displaystyle \mathit{A} \mathit{B} \mathit{C} \mathit{D} \mathit{E} \mathit{F} \mathit{G} \,\!}
\mathit{H} \mathit{I} \mathit{J} \mathit{K} \mathit{L} \mathit{M} Fehler beim Parsen (SVG (MathML kann über ein Browser-Plugin aktiviert werden): Ungültige Antwort („Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.“) von Server „https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/“:): {\displaystyle \mathit{H} \mathit{I} \mathit{J} \mathit{K} \mathit{L} \mathit{M} \,\!}
\mathit{N} \mathit{O} \mathit{P} \mathit{Q} \mathit{R} \mathit{S} \mathit{T} Fehler beim Parsen (SVG (MathML kann über ein Browser-Plugin aktiviert werden): Ungültige Antwort („Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.“) von Server „https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/“:): {\displaystyle \mathit{N} \mathit{O} \mathit{P} \mathit{Q} \mathit{R} \mathit{S} \mathit{T} \,\!}
\mathit{U} \mathit{V} \mathit{W} \mathit{X} \mathit{Y} \mathit{Z} Fehler beim Parsen (SVG (MathML kann über ein Browser-Plugin aktiviert werden): Ungültige Antwort („Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.“) von Server „https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/“:): {\displaystyle \mathit{U} \mathit{V} \mathit{W} \mathit{X} \mathit{Y} \mathit{Z} \,\!}
\mathit{a} \mathit{b} \mathit{c} \mathit{d} \mathit{e} \mathit{f} \mathit{g} Fehler beim Parsen (SVG (MathML kann über ein Browser-Plugin aktiviert werden): Ungültige Antwort („Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.“) von Server „https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/“:): {\displaystyle \mathit{a} \mathit{b} \mathit{c} \mathit{d} \mathit{e} \mathit{f} \mathit{g} \,\!}
\mathit{h} \mathit{i} \mathit{j} \mathit{k} \mathit{l} \mathit{m} Fehler beim Parsen (SVG (MathML kann über ein Browser-Plugin aktiviert werden): Ungültige Antwort („Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.“) von Server „https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/“:): {\displaystyle \mathit{h} \mathit{i} \mathit{j} \mathit{k} \mathit{l} \mathit{m} \,\!}
\mathit{n} \mathit{o} \mathit{p} \mathit{q} \mathit{r} \mathit{s} \mathit{t} Fehler beim Parsen (SVG (MathML kann über ein Browser-Plugin aktiviert werden): Ungültige Antwort („Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.“) von Server „https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/“:): {\displaystyle \mathit{n} \mathit{o} \mathit{p} \mathit{q} \mathit{r} \mathit{s} \mathit{t} \,\!}
\mathit{u} \mathit{v} \mathit{w} \mathit{x} \mathit{y} \mathit{z} Fehler beim Parsen (SVG (MathML kann über ein Browser-Plugin aktiviert werden): Ungültige Antwort („Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.“) von Server „https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/“:): {\displaystyle \mathit{u} \mathit{v} \mathit{w} \mathit{x} \mathit{y} \mathit{z} \,\!}
\mathit{0} \mathit{1} \mathit{2} \mathit{3} \mathit{4} Fehler beim Parsen (SVG (MathML kann über ein Browser-Plugin aktiviert werden): Ungültige Antwort („Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.“) von Server „https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/“:): {\displaystyle \mathit{0} \mathit{1} \mathit{2} \mathit{3} \mathit{4} \,\!}
\mathit{5} \mathit{6} \mathit{7} \mathit{8} \mathit{9} Fehler beim Parsen (SVG (MathML kann über ein Browser-Plugin aktiviert werden): Ungültige Antwort („Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.“) von Server „https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/“:): {\displaystyle \mathit{5} \mathit{6} \mathit{7} \mathit{8} \mathit{9}\,\!}
Roman typeface
\mathrm{A} \mathrm{B} \mathrm{C} \mathrm{D} \mathrm{E} \mathrm{F} \mathrm{G} Fehler beim Parsen (SVG (MathML kann über ein Browser-Plugin aktiviert werden): Ungültige Antwort („Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.“) von Server „https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/“:): {\displaystyle \mathrm{A} \mathrm{B} \mathrm{C} \mathrm{D} \mathrm{E} \mathrm{F} \mathrm{G} \,\!}
\mathrm{H} \mathrm{I} \mathrm{J} \mathrm{K} \mathrm{L} \mathrm{M} Fehler beim Parsen (SVG (MathML kann über ein Browser-Plugin aktiviert werden): Ungültige Antwort („Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.“) von Server „https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/“:): {\displaystyle \mathrm{H} \mathrm{I} \mathrm{J} \mathrm{K} \mathrm{L} \mathrm{M} \,\!}
\mathrm{N} \mathrm{O} \mathrm{P} \mathrm{Q} \mathrm{R} \mathrm{S} \mathrm{T} Fehler beim Parsen (SVG (MathML kann über ein Browser-Plugin aktiviert werden): Ungültige Antwort („Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.“) von Server „https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/“:): {\displaystyle \mathrm{N} \mathrm{O} \mathrm{P} \mathrm{Q} \mathrm{R} \mathrm{S} \mathrm{T} \,\!}
\mathrm{U} \mathrm{V} \mathrm{W} \mathrm{X} \mathrm{Y} \mathrm{Z} Fehler beim Parsen (SVG (MathML kann über ein Browser-Plugin aktiviert werden): Ungültige Antwort („Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.“) von Server „https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/“:): {\displaystyle \mathrm{U} \mathrm{V} \mathrm{W} \mathrm{X} \mathrm{Y} \mathrm{Z} \,\!}
\mathrm{a} \mathrm{b} \mathrm{c} \mathrm{d} \mathrm{e} \mathrm{f} \mathrm{g} Fehler beim Parsen (SVG (MathML kann über ein Browser-Plugin aktiviert werden): Ungültige Antwort („Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.“) von Server „https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/“:): {\displaystyle \mathrm{a} \mathrm{b} \mathrm{c} \mathrm{d} \mathrm{e} \mathrm{f} \mathrm{g}\,\!}
\mathrm{h} \mathrm{i} \mathrm{j} \mathrm{k} \mathrm{l} \mathrm{m} Fehler beim Parsen (SVG (MathML kann über ein Browser-Plugin aktiviert werden): Ungültige Antwort („Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.“) von Server „https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/“:): {\displaystyle \mathrm{h} \mathrm{i} \mathrm{j} \mathrm{k} \mathrm{l} \mathrm{m} \,\!}
\mathrm{n} \mathrm{o} \mathrm{p} \mathrm{q} \mathrm{r} \mathrm{s} \mathrm{t} Fehler beim Parsen (SVG (MathML kann über ein Browser-Plugin aktiviert werden): Ungültige Antwort („Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.“) von Server „https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/“:): {\displaystyle \mathrm{n} \mathrm{o} \mathrm{p} \mathrm{q} \mathrm{r} \mathrm{s} \mathrm{t} \,\!}
\mathrm{u} \mathrm{v} \mathrm{w} \mathrm{x} \mathrm{y} \mathrm{z} Fehler beim Parsen (SVG (MathML kann über ein Browser-Plugin aktiviert werden): Ungültige Antwort („Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.“) von Server „https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/“:): {\displaystyle \mathrm{u} \mathrm{v} \mathrm{w} \mathrm{x} \mathrm{y} \mathrm{z} \,\!}
\mathrm{0} \mathrm{1} \mathrm{2} \mathrm{3} \mathrm{4} Fehler beim Parsen (SVG (MathML kann über ein Browser-Plugin aktiviert werden): Ungültige Antwort („Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.“) von Server „https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/“:): {\displaystyle \mathrm{0} \mathrm{1} \mathrm{2} \mathrm{3} \mathrm{4} \,\!}
\mathrm{5} \mathrm{6} \mathrm{7} \mathrm{8} \mathrm{9} Fehler beim Parsen (SVG (MathML kann über ein Browser-Plugin aktiviert werden): Ungültige Antwort („Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.“) von Server „https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/“:): {\displaystyle \mathrm{5} \mathrm{6} \mathrm{7} \mathrm{8} \mathrm{9}\,\!}
Fraktur typeface
\mathfrak{A} \mathfrak{B} \mathfrak{C} \mathfrak{D} \mathfrak{E} \mathfrak{F} \mathfrak{G} Fehler beim Parsen (SVG (MathML kann über ein Browser-Plugin aktiviert werden): Ungültige Antwort („Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.“) von Server „https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/“:): {\displaystyle \mathfrak{A} \mathfrak{B} \mathfrak{C} \mathfrak{D} \mathfrak{E} \mathfrak{F} \mathfrak{G} \,\!}
\mathfrak{H} \mathfrak{I} \mathfrak{J} \mathfrak{K} \mathfrak{L} \mathfrak{M} Fehler beim Parsen (SVG (MathML kann über ein Browser-Plugin aktiviert werden): Ungültige Antwort („Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.“) von Server „https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/“:): {\displaystyle \mathfrak{H} \mathfrak{I} \mathfrak{J} \mathfrak{K} \mathfrak{L} \mathfrak{M} \,\!}
\mathfrak{N} \mathfrak{O} \mathfrak{P} \mathfrak{Q} \mathfrak{R} \mathfrak{S} \mathfrak{T} Fehler beim Parsen (SVG (MathML kann über ein Browser-Plugin aktiviert werden): Ungültige Antwort („Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.“) von Server „https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/“:): {\displaystyle \mathfrak{N} \mathfrak{O} \mathfrak{P} \mathfrak{Q} \mathfrak{R} \mathfrak{S} \mathfrak{T} \,\!}
\mathfrak{U} \mathfrak{V} \mathfrak{W} \mathfrak{X} \mathfrak{Y} \mathfrak{Z} Fehler beim Parsen (SVG (MathML kann über ein Browser-Plugin aktiviert werden): Ungültige Antwort („Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.“) von Server „https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/“:): {\displaystyle \mathfrak{U} \mathfrak{V} \mathfrak{W} \mathfrak{X} \mathfrak{Y} \mathfrak{Z} \,\!}
\mathfrak{a} \mathfrak{b} \mathfrak{c} \mathfrak{d} \mathfrak{e} \mathfrak{f} \mathfrak{g} Fehler beim Parsen (SVG (MathML kann über ein Browser-Plugin aktiviert werden): Ungültige Antwort („Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.“) von Server „https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/“:): {\displaystyle \mathfrak{a} \mathfrak{b} \mathfrak{c} \mathfrak{d} \mathfrak{e} \mathfrak{f} \mathfrak{g} \,\!}
\mathfrak{h} \mathfrak{i} \mathfrak{j} \mathfrak{k} \mathfrak{l} \mathfrak{m} Fehler beim Parsen (SVG (MathML kann über ein Browser-Plugin aktiviert werden): Ungültige Antwort („Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.“) von Server „https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/“:): {\displaystyle \mathfrak{h} \mathfrak{i} \mathfrak{j} \mathfrak{k} \mathfrak{l} \mathfrak{m} \,\!}
\mathfrak{n} \mathfrak{o} \mathfrak{p} \mathfrak{q} \mathfrak{r} \mathfrak{s} \mathfrak{t} Fehler beim Parsen (SVG (MathML kann über ein Browser-Plugin aktiviert werden): Ungültige Antwort („Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.“) von Server „https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/“:): {\displaystyle \mathfrak{n} \mathfrak{o} \mathfrak{p} \mathfrak{q} \mathfrak{r} \mathfrak{s} \mathfrak{t} \,\!}
\mathfrak{u} \mathfrak{v} \mathfrak{w} \mathfrak{x} \mathfrak{y} \mathfrak{z} Fehler beim Parsen (SVG (MathML kann über ein Browser-Plugin aktiviert werden): Ungültige Antwort („Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.“) von Server „https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/“:): {\displaystyle \mathfrak{u} \mathfrak{v} \mathfrak{w} \mathfrak{x} \mathfrak{y} \mathfrak{z} \,\!}
\mathfrak{0} \mathfrak{1} \mathfrak{2} \mathfrak{3} \mathfrak{4} Fehler beim Parsen (SVG (MathML kann über ein Browser-Plugin aktiviert werden): Ungültige Antwort („Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.“) von Server „https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/“:): {\displaystyle \mathfrak{0} \mathfrak{1} \mathfrak{2} \mathfrak{3} \mathfrak{4} \,\!}
\mathfrak{5} \mathfrak{6} \mathfrak{7} \mathfrak{8} \mathfrak{9} Fehler beim Parsen (SVG (MathML kann über ein Browser-Plugin aktiviert werden): Ungültige Antwort („Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.“) von Server „https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/“:): {\displaystyle \mathfrak{5} \mathfrak{6} \mathfrak{7} \mathfrak{8} \mathfrak{9}\,\!}
Calligraphy/Script
\mathcal{A} \mathcal{B} \mathcal{C} \mathcal{D} \mathcal{E} \mathcal{F} \mathcal{G} Fehler beim Parsen (SVG (MathML kann über ein Browser-Plugin aktiviert werden): Ungültige Antwort („Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.“) von Server „https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/“:): {\displaystyle \mathcal{A} \mathcal{B} \mathcal{C} \mathcal{D} \mathcal{E} \mathcal{F} \mathcal{G} \,\!}
\mathcal{H} \mathcal{I} \mathcal{J} \mathcal{K} \mathcal{L} \mathcal{M} Fehler beim Parsen (SVG (MathML kann über ein Browser-Plugin aktiviert werden): Ungültige Antwort („Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.“) von Server „https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/“:): {\displaystyle \mathcal{H} \mathcal{I} \mathcal{J} \mathcal{K} \mathcal{L} \mathcal{M} \,\!}
\mathcal{N} \mathcal{O} \mathcal{P} \mathcal{Q} \mathcal{R} \mathcal{S} \mathcal{T} Fehler beim Parsen (SVG (MathML kann über ein Browser-Plugin aktiviert werden): Ungültige Antwort („Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.“) von Server „https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/“:): {\displaystyle \mathcal{N} \mathcal{O} \mathcal{P} \mathcal{Q} \mathcal{R} \mathcal{S} \mathcal{T} \,\!}
\mathcal{U} \mathcal{V} \mathcal{W} \mathcal{X} \mathcal{Y} \mathcal{Z} Fehler beim Parsen (SVG (MathML kann über ein Browser-Plugin aktiviert werden): Ungültige Antwort („Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.“) von Server „https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/“:): {\displaystyle \mathcal{U} \mathcal{V} \mathcal{W} \mathcal{X} \mathcal{Y} \mathcal{Z}\,\!}
Hebrew
\aleph \beth \gimel \daleth Fehler beim Parsen (SVG (MathML kann über ein Browser-Plugin aktiviert werden): Ungültige Antwort („Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.“) von Server „https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/“:): {\displaystyle \aleph \beth \gimel \daleth\,\!}


Feature Syntax How it looks rendered
non-italicised characters \mbox{abc} Fehler beim Parsen (SVG (MathML kann über ein Browser-Plugin aktiviert werden): Ungültige Antwort („Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.“) von Server „https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/“:): {\displaystyle \mbox{abc}} Fehler beim Parsen (SVG (MathML kann über ein Browser-Plugin aktiviert werden): Ungültige Antwort („Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.“) von Server „https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/“:): {\displaystyle \mbox{abc} \,\!}
mixed italics (bad) \mbox{if} n \mbox{is even} Fehler beim Parsen (SVG (MathML kann über ein Browser-Plugin aktiviert werden): Ungültige Antwort („Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.“) von Server „https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/“:): {\displaystyle \mbox{if} n \mbox{is even}} Fehler beim Parsen (SVG (MathML kann über ein Browser-Plugin aktiviert werden): Ungültige Antwort („Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.“) von Server „https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/“:): {\displaystyle \mbox{if} n \mbox{is even} \,\!}
mixed italics (good) \mbox{if }n\mbox{ is even} Fehler beim Parsen (SVG (MathML kann über ein Browser-Plugin aktiviert werden): Ungültige Antwort („Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.“) von Server „https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/“:): {\displaystyle \mbox{if }n\mbox{ is even}} Fehler beim Parsen (SVG (MathML kann über ein Browser-Plugin aktiviert werden): Ungültige Antwort („Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.“) von Server „https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/“:): {\displaystyle \mbox{if }n\mbox{ is even} \,\!}
mixed italics (more legible: ~ is a non-breaking space, while "\ " forces a space) \mbox{if}~n\ \mbox{is even} Fehler beim Parsen (SVG (MathML kann über ein Browser-Plugin aktiviert werden): Ungültige Antwort („Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.“) von Server „https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/“:): {\displaystyle \mbox{if}~n\ \mbox{is even}} Fehler beim Parsen (SVG (MathML kann über ein Browser-Plugin aktiviert werden): Ungültige Antwort („Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.“) von Server „https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/“:): {\displaystyle \mbox{if}~n\ \mbox{is even} \,\!}

Color

Equations can use color:

  • {\color{Blue}x^2}+{\color{YellowOrange}2x}-{\color{OliveGreen}1}
    Fehler beim Parsen (SVG (MathML kann über ein Browser-Plugin aktiviert werden): Ungültige Antwort („Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.“) von Server „https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/“:): {\displaystyle {\color{Blue}x^2}+{\color{YellowOrange}2x}-{\color{OliveGreen}1}}
  • x_{1,2}=\frac{-b\pm\sqrt{\color{Red}b^2-4ac}}{2a}
    Fehler beim Parsen (SVG (MathML kann über ein Browser-Plugin aktiviert werden): Ungültige Antwort („Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.“) von Server „https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/“:): {\displaystyle x_{1,2}=\frac{-b\pm\sqrt{\color{Red}b^2-4ac}}{2a}}

It is also possible to change the background color, as in the following example:

Background Wikicode Rendering (in PNG)
White e^{i \pi} + 1 = 0 Fehler beim Parsen (SVG (MathML kann über ein Browser-Plugin aktiviert werden): Ungültige Antwort („Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.“) von Server „https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/“:): {\displaystyle e^{i \pi} + 1 = 0\,\!}
\definecolor{orange}{RGB}{255,165,0}\pagecolor{orange}e^{i \pi} + 1 = 0 Fehler beim Parsen (SVG (MathML kann über ein Browser-Plugin aktiviert werden): Ungültige Antwort („Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.“) von Server „https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/“:): {\displaystyle \definecolor{orange}{RGB}{255,165,0}\pagecolor{orange}e^{i \pi} + 1 = 0\,\!}
Orange e^{i \pi} + 1 = 0 Fehler beim Parsen (SVG (MathML kann über ein Browser-Plugin aktiviert werden): Ungültige Antwort („Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.“) von Server „https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/“:): {\displaystyle e^{i \pi} + 1 = 0\,\!}
\definecolor{orange}{RGB}{255,165,0}\pagecolor{orange}e^{i \pi} + 1 = 0 Fehler beim Parsen (SVG (MathML kann über ein Browser-Plugin aktiviert werden): Ungültige Antwort („Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.“) von Server „https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/“:): {\displaystyle \definecolor{orange}{RGB}{255,165,0}\pagecolor{orange}e^{i \pi} + 1 = 0\,\!}

See here for all named colors supported by LaTeX.

Note that color should not be used as the only way to identify something, because it will become meaningless on black-and-white media or for color-blind people. See en:Wikipedia:Manual of Style#Color coding.

Formatting issues

Spacing

Note that TeX handles most spacing automatically, but you may sometimes want manual control.

Feature Syntax How it looks rendered
double quad space a \qquad b Fehler beim Parsen (SVG (MathML kann über ein Browser-Plugin aktiviert werden): Ungültige Antwort („Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.“) von Server „https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/“:): {\displaystyle a \qquad b}
quad space a \quad b Fehler beim Parsen (SVG (MathML kann über ein Browser-Plugin aktiviert werden): Ungültige Antwort („Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.“) von Server „https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/“:): {\displaystyle a \quad b}
text space a\ b Fehler beim Parsen (SVG (MathML kann über ein Browser-Plugin aktiviert werden): Ungültige Antwort („Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.“) von Server „https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/“:): {\displaystyle a\ b}
text space without PNG conversion a \mbox{ } b Fehler beim Parsen (SVG (MathML kann über ein Browser-Plugin aktiviert werden): Ungültige Antwort („Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.“) von Server „https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/“:): {\displaystyle a \mbox{ } b}
large space a\;b Fehler beim Parsen (SVG (MathML kann über ein Browser-Plugin aktiviert werden): Ungültige Antwort („Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.“) von Server „https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/“:): {\displaystyle a\;b}
medium space a\>b [not supported]
small space a\,b Fehler beim Parsen (SVG (MathML kann über ein Browser-Plugin aktiviert werden): Ungültige Antwort („Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.“) von Server „https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/“:): {\displaystyle a\,b}
no space ab Fehler beim Parsen (SVG (MathML kann über ein Browser-Plugin aktiviert werden): Ungültige Antwort („Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.“) von Server „https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/“:): {\displaystyle ab\,}
small negative space a\!b Fehler beim Parsen (SVG (MathML kann über ein Browser-Plugin aktiviert werden): Ungültige Antwort („Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.“) von Server „https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/“:): {\displaystyle a\!b}

Automatic spacing may be broken in very long expressions (because they produce an overfull hbox in TeX):

<math>0+1+2+3+4+5+6+7+8+9+10+11+12+13+14+15+16+17+18+19+20+\cdots</math>
Fehler beim Parsen (SVG (MathML kann über ein Browser-Plugin aktiviert werden): Ungültige Antwort („Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.“) von Server „https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/“:): {\displaystyle 0+1+2+3+4+5+6+7+8+9+10+11+12+13+14+15+16+17+18+19+20+\cdots}

This can be remedied by putting a pair of braces { } around the whole expression:

<math>{0+1+2+3+4+5+6+7+8+9+10+11+12+13+14+15+16+17+18+19+20+\cdots}</math>
Fehler beim Parsen (SVG (MathML kann über ein Browser-Plugin aktiviert werden): Ungültige Antwort („Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.“) von Server „https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/“:): {\displaystyle {0+1+2+3+4+5+6+7+8+9+10+11+12+13+14+15+16+17+18+19+20+\cdots}}

Alignment with normal text flow

Due to the default css 

img.tex { vertical-align: middle; }

an inline expression like Fehler beim Parsen (SVG (MathML kann über ein Browser-Plugin aktiviert werden): Ungültige Antwort („Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.“) von Server „https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/“:): {\displaystyle \int_{-N}^{N} e^x\, dx} should look good.

If you need to align it otherwise, use <math style="vertical-align:-100%;">...</math> and play with the vertical-align argument until you get it right; however, how it looks may depend on the browser and the browser settings.

Also note that if you rely on this workaround, if/when the rendering on the server gets fixed in future releases, as a result of this extra manual offset your formulae will suddenly be aligned incorrectly. So use it sparingly, if at all.

Forced PNG rendering

To force the formula to render as PNG, add \, (small space) at the end of the formula (where it is not rendered). This will force PNG if the user is in "HTML if simple" mode, but not for "HTML if possible" mode (math rendering settings in preferences).

You can also use \,\! (small space and negative space, which cancel out) anywhere inside the math tags. This does force PNG even in "HTML if possible" mode, unlike \,.

This could be useful to keep the rendering of formulae in a proof consistent, for example, or to fix formulae that render incorrectly in HTML (at one time, a^{2+2} rendered with an extra underscore), or to demonstrate how something is rendered when it would normally show up as HTML (as in the examples above).

For instance:


Syntax How it looks rendered
a^{c+2} Fehler beim Parsen (SVG (MathML kann über ein Browser-Plugin aktiviert werden): Ungültige Antwort („Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.“) von Server „https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/“:): {\displaystyle a^{\,\!c+2}}
a^{c+2} \, Fehler beim Parsen (SVG (MathML kann über ein Browser-Plugin aktiviert werden): Ungültige Antwort („Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.“) von Server „https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/“:): {\displaystyle a^{c+2} \,}
a^{\,\!c+2} Fehler beim Parsen (SVG (MathML kann über ein Browser-Plugin aktiviert werden): Ungültige Antwort („Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.“) von Server „https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/“:): {\displaystyle a^{\,\!c+2}}
a^{b^{c+2}} Fehler beim Parsen (SVG (MathML kann über ein Browser-Plugin aktiviert werden): Ungültige Antwort („Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.“) von Server „https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/“:): {\displaystyle a^{b^{c+2}}} (WRONG with option "HTML if possible or else PNG"!)
a^{b^{c+2}} \, Fehler beim Parsen (SVG (MathML kann über ein Browser-Plugin aktiviert werden): Ungültige Antwort („Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.“) von Server „https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/“:): {\displaystyle a^{b^{c+2}} \,} (WRONG with option "HTML if possible or else PNG"!)
a^{b^{c+2}}\approx 5 Fehler beim Parsen (SVG (MathML kann über ein Browser-Plugin aktiviert werden): Ungültige Antwort („Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.“) von Server „https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/“:): {\displaystyle a^{b^{c+2}}\approx 5} (due to "Fehler beim Parsen (SVG (MathML kann über ein Browser-Plugin aktiviert werden): Ungültige Antwort („Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.“) von Server „https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/“:): {\displaystyle \approx} " correctly displayed, no code "\,\!" needed)
a^{b^{\,\!c+2}} Fehler beim Parsen (SVG (MathML kann über ein Browser-Plugin aktiviert werden): Ungültige Antwort („Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.“) von Server „https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/“:): {\displaystyle a^{b^{\,\!c+2}}}
\int_{-N}^{N} e^x\, dx Fehler beim Parsen (SVG (MathML kann über ein Browser-Plugin aktiviert werden): Ungültige Antwort („Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.“) von Server „https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/“:): {\displaystyle \int_{-N}^{N} e^x\, dx}


This has been tested with most of the formulae on this page, and seems to work perfectly.

You might want to include a comment in the HTML so people don't "correct" the formula by removing it:

<!-- The \,\! is to keep the formula rendered as PNG instead of HTML. Please don't remove it.-->

Commutative diagrams

To make a commutative diagram, there are three steps:

Diagrams in TeX

Xy-pic (online manual) is the most powerful and general-purpose diagram package in TeX.

Simpler packages include:

The following is a template for Xy-pic, together with a hack to increase the margins in dvips, so that the diagram is not truncated by over-eager cropping (suggested in TUGboat TUGboat, Volume 17 1996, No. 3): 

\documentclass{amsart}
\usepackage[all, ps]{xy} % Loading the XY-Pic package 
                         % Using postscript driver for smoother curves
\usepackage{color}       % For invisible frame
\begin{document}
\thispagestyle{empty} % No page numbers
\SelectTips{eu}{}     % Euler arrowheads (tips)
\setlength{\fboxsep}{0pt} % Frame box margin
{\color{white}\framebox{{\color{black}$$ % Frame for margin

\xymatrix{ % The diagram is a 3x3 matrix
%%% Diagram goes here %%%
}

$$}}} % end math, end frame
\end{document}

Convert to SVG

Once you have produced your diagram in LaTeX (or TeX), you can convert it to an SVG file using the following sequence of commands: 

pdflatex file.tex
pdfcrop --clip file.pdf tmp.pdf
pdf2svg tmp.pdf file.svg
  (rm tmp.pdf at the end)

pdflatex and the pdfcrop and pdf2svg utilities are needed for this procedure.

If you do not have these programs, you can also use the commands 

latex file.tex
dvipdfm file.dvi

to get a PDF version of your diagram.

Programs

In general, you will not be able to get anywhere with diagrams without TeX and Ghostscript, and the inkscape program is a useful tool for creating or modifying your diagrams by hand. There is also a utility pstoedit which supports direct conversion from Postscript files to many vector graphics formats, but it requires a non-free plugin to convert to SVG, and regardless of the format, this editor has not been successful in using it to convert diagrams with diagonal arrows from TeX-created files.

These programs are:

Upload the file

Vorlage:Seealso Vorlage:Seealso

As the diagram is your own work, upload it to Wikimedia Commons, so that all projects (notably, all languages) can use it without having to copy it to their language's Wiki. (If you've previously uploaded a file to somewhere other than Commons, transwiki it to Commons.)

Check size
Before uploading, check that the default size of the image is neither too large nor too small by opening in an SVG application and viewing at default size (100% scaling), otherwise adjust the -y option to dvips.
Name
Make sure the file has a meaningful name.
Upload
Login to Wikimedia Commons, then upload the file; for the Summary, give a brief description.

Now go to the image page and add a description, including the source code, using this template (using {{Information}}): 

{{Information
|Description =
{{en| Description [[:en:Link to WP page|topic]]
}}
|Source = {{own}}

Created as per: 

[[:en:meta:Help:Displaying a formula#Commutative diagrams]]; source code below.
|Date = The Creation Date, like 1999-12-31
|Author = [[User:YourUserName|Your Real Name]]
|Permission = Public domain; (or other license) see below. 
}}

== LaTeX source ==
<source lang="latex">
% LaTeX source here
</source>

== [[Commons:Copyright tags|Licensing]]: ==
{{self|PD-self (or other license)|author=[[User:YourUserName|Your Real Name]]}}

[[Category:Descriptive categories, such as "Group theory"]]
[[Category:Commutative diagrams]]
Source code
  • Include the source code in the image page, in a LaTeX source section, so that the diagram can be edited in future.
  • Include the complete .tex file, not just the fragment, so future editors do not need to reconstruct a compilable file.
License
The most common license for commutative diagrams is PD-self; some use PD-ineligible, especially for simple diagrams, or other licenses. Please do not use the GFDL, as it requires the entire text of the GFDL to be attached to any document that uses the diagram.
Description
If possible, link to a Wikipedia page relevant to the diagram.
Category
Include [[Category:Commutative diagrams]], so that it appears in commons:Category:Commutative diagrams. There are also subcategories, which you may choose to use.
Include image
Now include the image on the original page via [[Image:Diagram.svg]]

Examples

A sample conforming diagram is commons:Image:PSU-PU.svg.

Examples

Quadratic Polynomial

Fehler beim Parsen (SVG (MathML kann über ein Browser-Plugin aktiviert werden): Ungültige Antwort („Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.“) von Server „https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/“:): {\displaystyle ax^2 + bx + c = 0}


<math>ax^2 + bx + c = 0</math>

Quadratic Polynomial (Force PNG Rendering)

Fehler beim Parsen (SVG (MathML kann über ein Browser-Plugin aktiviert werden): Ungültige Antwort („Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.“) von Server „https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/“:): {\displaystyle ax^2 + bx + c = 0\,\!}


<math>ax^2 + bx + c = 0\,\!</math>

Quadratic Formula

Fehler beim Parsen (SVG (MathML kann über ein Browser-Plugin aktiviert werden): Ungültige Antwort („Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.“) von Server „https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/“:): {\displaystyle x=\frac{-b\pm\sqrt{b^2-4ac}}{2a}}


<math>x=\frac{-b\pm\sqrt{b^2-4ac}}{2a}</math>

Tall Parentheses and Fractions

Fehler beim Parsen (SVG (MathML kann über ein Browser-Plugin aktiviert werden): Ungültige Antwort („Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.“) von Server „https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/“:): {\displaystyle 2 = \left( \frac{\left(3-x\right) \times 2}{3-x} \right)}


<math>2 = \left(
 \frac{\left(3-x\right) \times 2}{3-x}
 \right)</math>

Fehler beim Parsen (SVG (MathML kann über ein Browser-Plugin aktiviert werden): Ungültige Antwort („Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.“) von Server „https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/“:): {\displaystyle S_{\text{new}} = S_{\text{old}} - \frac{ \left( 5-T \right) ^2} {2}}


 <math>S_{\text{new}} = S_{\text{old}} - \frac{ \left( 5-T \right) ^2} {2}</math>

Integrals

Fehler beim Parsen (SVG (MathML kann über ein Browser-Plugin aktiviert werden): Ungültige Antwort („Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.“) von Server „https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/“:): {\displaystyle \int_a^x \!\!\!\int_a^s f(y)\,dy\,ds = \int_a^x f(y)(x-y)\,dy}


<math>\int_a^x \!\!\!\int_a^s f(y)\,dy\,ds
 = \int_a^x f(y)(x-y)\,dy</math>

Summation

Fehler beim Parsen (SVG (MathML kann über ein Browser-Plugin aktiviert werden): Ungültige Antwort („Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.“) von Server „https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/“:): {\displaystyle \sum_{m=1}^\infty\sum_{n=1}^\infty\frac{m^2\,n}{3^m\left(m\,3^n+n\,3^m\right)}}


<math>\sum_{m=1}^\infty\sum_{n=1}^\infty\frac{m^2\,n}
 {3^m\left(m\,3^n+n\,3^m\right)}</math>

Differential Equation

Fehler beim Parsen (SVG (MathML kann über ein Browser-Plugin aktiviert werden): Ungültige Antwort („Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.“) von Server „https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/“:): {\displaystyle u'' + p(x)u' + q(x)u=f(x),\quad x>a}


<math>u'' + p(x)u' + q(x)u=f(x),\quad x>a</math>

Complex numbers

Fehler beim Parsen (SVG (MathML kann über ein Browser-Plugin aktiviert werden): Ungültige Antwort („Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.“) von Server „https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/“:): {\displaystyle |\bar{z}| = |z|, |(\bar{z})^n| = |z|^n, \arg(z^n) = n \arg(z)}


<math>|\bar{z}| = |z|,
 |(\bar{z})^n| = |z|^n,
 \arg(z^n) = n \arg(z)</math>

Limits

Fehler beim Parsen (SVG (MathML kann über ein Browser-Plugin aktiviert werden): Ungültige Antwort („Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.“) von Server „https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/“:): {\displaystyle \lim_{z\rightarrow z_0} f(z)=f(z_0)}


<math>\lim_{z\rightarrow z_0} f(z)=f(z_0)</math>

Integral Equation

Fehler beim Parsen (SVG (MathML kann über ein Browser-Plugin aktiviert werden): Ungültige Antwort („Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.“) von Server „https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/“:): {\displaystyle \phi_n(\kappa)  = \frac{1}{4\pi^2\kappa^2} \int_0^\infty \frac{\sin(\kappa R)}{\kappa R}  \frac{\partial}{\partial R}  \left[R^2\frac{\partial D_n(R)}{\partial R}\right]\,dR}


<math>\phi_n(\kappa) =
 \frac{1}{4\pi^2\kappa^2} \int_0^\infty
 \frac{\sin(\kappa R)}{\kappa R}
 \frac{\partial}{\partial R}
 \left[R^2\frac{\partial D_n(R)}{\partial R}\right]\,dR</math>

Example

Fehler beim Parsen (SVG (MathML kann über ein Browser-Plugin aktiviert werden): Ungültige Antwort („Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.“) von Server „https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/“:): {\displaystyle \phi_n(\kappa) = 0.033C_n^2\kappa^{-11/3},\quad \frac{1}{L_0}\ll\kappa\ll\frac{1}{l_0}}


<math>\phi_n(\kappa) = 
 0.033C_n^2\kappa^{-11/3},\quad
 \frac{1}{L_0}\ll\kappa\ll\frac{1}{l_0}</math>

Continuation and cases

Fehler beim Parsen (SVG (MathML kann über ein Browser-Plugin aktiviert werden): Ungültige Antwort („Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.“) von Server „https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/“:): {\displaystyle f(x) = \begin{cases}1 & -1 \le x < 0 \\  \frac{1}{2} & x = 0 \\ 1 - x^2 & \mbox{otherwise}\end{cases}}


<math>
 f(x) =
 \begin{cases}
 1 & -1 \le x < 0 \\
 \frac{1}{2} & x = 0 \\
 1 - x^2 & \mbox{otherwise}
 \end{cases}
 </math>

Prefixed subscript

Fehler beim Parsen (SVG (MathML kann über ein Browser-Plugin aktiviert werden): Ungültige Antwort („Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.“) von Server „https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/“:): {\displaystyle {}_pF_q(a_1,\dots,a_p;c_1,\dots,c_q;z) = \sum_{n=0}^\infty \frac{(a_1)_n\cdots(a_p)_n}{(c_1)_n\cdots(c_q)_n}\frac{z^n}{n!}}


 <math>{}_pF_q(a_1,\dots,a_p;c_1,\dots,c_q;z)
 = \sum_{n=0}^\infty
 \frac{(a_1)_n\cdots(a_p)_n}{(c_1)_n\cdots(c_q)_n}
 \frac{z^n}{n!}</math>

Fraction and small fraction

Fehler beim Parsen (SVG (MathML kann über ein Browser-Plugin aktiviert werden): Ungültige Antwort („Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.“) von Server „https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/“:): {\displaystyle  \frac {a}{b}}
   Fehler beim Parsen (SVG (MathML kann über ein Browser-Plugin aktiviert werden): Ungültige Antwort („Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.“) von Server „https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/“:): {\displaystyle  \tfrac {a}{b} }

<math> \frac {a}{b}\  \tfrac {a}{b} </math>

Bug reports

Discussions, bug reports and feature requests should go to the Wikitech-l mailing list. These can also be filed on Mediazilla under MediaWiki extensions.

Future

In the future, as more browsers are smarter, it will be able to generate enhanced HTML or even MathML in many cases. (See blahtex for information about current work on adding MathML support.)

See also

Notes

Vorlage:Refs

External links

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  1. ↑ This requires the wiki to have the Template:! containing "|", as many wikis do, see e.g. also w:Template:!.
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